Research Article
A Genetic Algorithm-Based Approach for Single-Machine Scheduling with Learning Effect and Release Time
Table 1
The performance of the branch- and-bound and genetic algorithms.
| | a | | Branch- and-bound algorithm | GA1 | GA2 | GA3 | GA4 | Node | CPU time | OF | Error percentage | Mean | Max | Mean | Max | Mean | Max | Mean | Max | Mean | Max | Mean | Max |
| 12 | −0.05 | 1/ | 42 | 385 | 0.0031 | 0.0156 | 20 | 0.0858 | 1.7151 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0401 | 0.8013 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 549 | 1781 | 0.0187 | 0.0624 | 20 | 0.1055 | 2.1091 | 0.0142 | 0.2839 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.50 | 473 | 1189 | 0.0140 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 414 | 1013 | 0.0125 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 569 | 2427 | 0.0164 | 0.0624 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.10 | 1/ | 62 | 488 | 0.0023 | 0.0156 | 20 | 0.1646 | 2.0568 | 0.1617 | 2.0568 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 1047 | 4318 | 0.0312 | 0.1092 | 20 | 0.0044 | 0.0878 | 0.0044 | 0.0878 | 0.0283 | 0.5665 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.50 | 480 | 1321 | 0.0140 | 0.0468 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0684 | 1.3676 | 0.0019 | 0.0373 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 786 | 5291 | 0.0203 | 0.1404 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 396 | 1382 | 0.0125 | 0.0468 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.15 | 1/ | 21 | 71 | 0.0016 | 0.0156 | 20 | 0.0206 | 0.4130 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0360 | 0.4130 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 817 | 4363 | 0.0226 | 0.0936 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1228 | 2.4567 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.50 | 493 | 1969 | 0.0148 | 0.0624 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 286 | 803 | 0.0094 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 417 | 1259 | 0.0117 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.20 | 1/ | 47 | 336 | 0.0023 | 0.0156 | 20 | 0.1295 | 2.5896 | 0.1295 | 2.5896 | 0.0003 | 0.0069 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 1091 | 6689 | 0.0289 | 0.1560 | 20 | 0.0106 | 0.2119 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.50 | 337 | 948 | 0.0109 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.0314 | 0.6284 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 452 | 1121 | 0.0117 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 319 | 1387 | 0.0086 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 16 | −0.05 | 1/ | 74 | 365 | 0.0078 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.2066 | 3.4518 | 0.2202 | 2.7743 | 0.1114 | 1.2163 | 0.0608 | 1.2163 | 0.25 | 39325 | 105847 | 2.0108 | 5.8188 | 20 | 0.4522 | 5.3071 | 0.1479 | 1.7548 | 0.0621 | 0.4629 | 0.0309 | 0.3126 | 0.50 | 18779 | 107488 | 0.8697 | 4.4616 | 20 | 0.0052 | 0.1035 | 0.0935 | 1.6983 | 0.0849 | 1.6983 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 22967 | 290574 | 0.9259 | 10.2025 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 5144 | 34260 | 0.2535 | 1.5288 | 20 | 0.0041 | 0.0811 | 0.0115 | 0.2306 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.10 | 1/ | 91 | 323 | 0.0086 | 0.0312 | 20 | 0.1813 | 3.4958 | 0.2368 | 2.7957 | 0.1906 | 1.9030 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 53237 | 291654 | 2.5826 | 12.7297 | 20 | 0.3151 | 2.5393 | 0.2824 | 2.1606 | 0.1918 | 2.1606 | 0.1271 | 2.1606 | 0.50 | 15022 | 193968 | 0.6778 | 8.1277 | 20 | 0.0616 | 1.0305 | 0.0154 | 0.3088 | 0.0154 | 0.3088 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 15144 | 197196 | 0.6474 | 8.0029 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0006 | 0.0120 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 3403 | 9875 | 0.1794 | 0.4992 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.15 | 1/ | 118 | 1368 | 0.0101 | 0.1092 | 20 | 0.2462 | 4.5183 | 0.0431 | 0.6619 | 0.0103 | 0.2068 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 52185 | 484662 | 2.2994 | 19.0165 | 20 | 0.0762 | 0.8319 | 0.3212 | 3.7507 | 0.0969 | 1.0191 | 0.0418 | 0.8319 | 0.50 | 17808 | 101503 | 0.8221 | 4.6020 | 20 | 0.0740 | 0.7668 | 0.0356 | 0.6773 | 0.0574 | 0.6773 | 0.0339 | 0.6773 | 0.75 | 3763 | 16453 | 0.1997 | 0.8112 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0067 | 0.1343 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 3882 | 14411 | 0.1911 | 0.7020 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.20 | 1/ | 200 | 828 | 0.0172 | 0.0624 | 20 | 0.1832 | 2.6781 | 0.3397 | 1.7660 | 0.3644 | 2.2420 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 25881 | 149925 | 1.1224 | 5.3664 | 20 | 0.0140 | 0.2772 | 0.0299 | 0.4614 | 0.0098 | 0.1922 | 0.0002 | 0.0034 | 0.50 | 11829 | 48284 | 0.5819 | 2.3556 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0072 | 0.1431 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 2687 | 12382 | 0.1427 | 0.5928 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 2047 | 5258 | 0.1076 | 0.2340 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 20 | −0.05 | 1/ | 82 | 278 | 0.0156 | 0.0624 | 20 | 1.6268 | 7.4028 | 0.3538 | 6.9562 | 0.0113 | 0.2265 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 1319111 | 4407360 | 105.9941 | 322.4697 | 20 | 0.7803 | 2.9510 | 0.5928 | 3.2815 | 0.8700 | 4.2205 | 0.2480 | 1.5709 | 0.50 | 963361 | 9983475 | 61.8895 | 568.7017 | 20 | 0.0377 | 0.4016 | 0.1608 | 1.7464 | 0.2224 | 1.5708 | 0.0033 | 0.0510 | 0.75 | 323776 | 2518001 | 22.9485 | 183.1606 | 20 | 0.0022 | 0.0446 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0027 | 0.0446 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 41188 | 138955 | 3.3642 | 11.1072 | 20 | 0.0017 | 0.0338 | 0.0017 | 0.0338 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.10 | 1/ | 1345 | 14123 | 0.1716 | 1.7317 | 20 | 0.6707 | 3.4958 | 0.4690 | 2.8787 | 0.4353 | 3.4958 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 2134707 | 16978059 | 154.3318 | 1204.4214 | 20 | 0.3845 | 2.3175 | 0.1848 | 0.6798 | 0.3536 | 2.1979 | 0.0460 | 0.2909 | 0.50 | 202434 | 1320363 | 15.6266 | 102.4927 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0045 | 0.0786 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 67733 | 450297 | 5.5645 | 34.5229 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 30928 | 238389 | 2.6192 | 18.5483 | 20 | 0.0023 | 0.0462 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0023 | 0.0462 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.15 | 1/ | 293 | 2224 | 0.0429 | 0.2964 | 20 | 0.1670 | 1.3088 | 0.1845 | 2.9345 | 0.1835 | 2.9345 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.25 | 1539138 | 7544291 | 103.9052 | 497.0186 | 20 | 0.4685 | 2.9738 | 0.1876 | 1.0582 | 0.2690 | 1.9134 | 0.0544 | 0.9353 | 0.50 | 235214 | 2737579 | 16.9066 | 192.0840 | 20 | 0.0046 | 0.0923 | 0.0032 | 0.0641 | 0.0073 | 0.1284 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 56901 | 281822 | 4.5716 | 22.5576 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 17992 | 51529 | 1.5163 | 3.6973 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.20 | 1/ | 698 | 4825 | 0.0991 | 0.6240 | 20 | 0.2436 | 1.5781 | 0.4239 | 4.0426 | 0.2224 | 1.5781 | 0.1927 | 1.5781 | 0.25 | 4348006 | 64668017 | 275.0735 | 4000.4590 | 20 | 0.1596 | 1.4118 | 0.0549 | 0.2968 | 0.2765 | 2.1869 | 0.0203 | 0.2249 | 0.50 | 107201 | 675811 | 8.0878 | 47.6895 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0058 | 0.1155 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 31529 | 163854 | 2.5990 | 11.0918 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 15118 | 63845 | 1.3198 | 4.9453 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0016 | 0.0324 | 0.0016 | 0.0318 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
| 24 | −0.05
| 1/ | 478 | 2082 | 0.1248 | 0.4836 | 20 | 0.4707 | 3.9003 | 0.2017 | 2.0990 | 0.1368 | 1.8118 | 0.0959 | 1.8118 | 0.25 | 43205517 | 87504444 | 5233.8760 | 10604.3535 | 13 | 0.4991 | 2.1418 | 0.6032 | 1.9032 | 0.4607 | 2.0265 | 0.2283 | 1.3231 | 0.50 | 11780220 | 66191783 | 1305.4869 | 6594.8027 | 19 | 0.0758 | 1.0456 | 0.0313 | 0.2363 | 0.1334 | 1.0456 | 0.0161 | 0.2363 | 0.75 | 1216867 | 4261994 | 156.2529 | 470.8125 | 20 | 0.0056 | 0.1126 | 0.0198 | 0.3359 | 0.0174 | 0.1871 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 888475 | 5439067 | 114.4057 | 692.4417 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.10 | 1/ | 1074 | 12050 | 0.2496 | 2.6364 | 20 | 0.7378 | 4.2545 | 0.3868 | 2.4023 | 0.2577 | 1.8340 | 0.0541 | 0.6057 | 0.25 | 24953166 | 53006630 | 2854.7095 | 6344.0156 | 11 | 0.4324 | 2.2382 | 0.5843 | 2.9043 | 0.6883 | 2.5478 | 0.3452 | 2.2382 | 0.50 | 3116322 | 31612798 | 366.1781 | 3815.9717 | 20 | 0.0137 | 0.1184 | 0.0087 | 0.0883 | 0.0075 | 0.1028 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 513685 | 2435858 | 67.2926 | 296.4331 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0015 | 0.0306 | 0.0112 | 0.1371 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 270431 | 1462391 | 35.2609 | 196.0620 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0052 | 0.1037 | 0.0039 | 0.0771 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.15 | 1/ | 674 | 2613 | 0.1693 | 0.6084 | 20 | 0.7280 | 7.8202 | 0.3115 | 2.7017 | 0.2512 | 3.4255 | 0.0284 | 0.5683 | 0.25 | 23417410 | 61951876 | 2538.7673 | 6371.3604 | 15 | 0.9250 | 3.3429 | 0.2948 | 1.2902 | 0.2232 | 1.7855 | 0.0499 | 0.4354 | 0.50 | 4118014 | 36622393 | 474.9373 | 3927.6216 | 20 | 0.0114 | 0.1193 | 0.0053 | 0.1058 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 661765 | 5958864 | 87.4869 | 792.0327 | 20 | 0.0073 | 0.1458 | 0.0075 | 0.1509 | 0.0043 | 0.0867 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 837932 | 11995859 | 96.8626 | 1324.4172 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | −0.20 | 1/ | 3126 | 15554 | 0.7082 | 3.1980 | 20 | 0.1942 | 3.2396 | 0.4290 | 3.3146 | 0.3196 | 3.2396 | 0.1669 | 3.2396 | 0.25 | 9333827 | 72575949 | 999.3219 | 8068.2031 | 15 | 0.0589 | 0.2822 | 0.0646 | 0.7914 | 0.0844 | 0.7331 | 0.0204 | 0.2057 | 0.50 | 384242 | 2271989 | 50.8384 | 280.8486 | 20 | 0.0038 | 0.0760 | 0.0130 | 0.2596 | 0.0130 | 0.2596 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.75 | 570054 | 4053320 | 70.1732 | 531.1990 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.00 | 233727 | 1202819 | 29.1574 | 132.6006 | 20 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
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Note: “OF” denotes the number of instances in 20 sets of data that can be solved in less than 108 nodes by using the branch- and-bound method.
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