Abstract
The paper studies the unsteady mixed convection flow of an incompressible viscous fluid about a stagnation point on a stretching sheet in presence of velocity and thermal slips. The governing equations are transformed into the ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations. The transformed equations are solved numerically by an efficient shooting method. The characteristics of the flow and heat transfer features for governing parameters are analyzed and discussed for both the assisting and opposing flows. It is found that dual solutions exist for certain range of buoyancy parameter which again depend on the unsteadiness parameter and the slip parameters (i.e., and ). The numerical results show that the increase of unsteadiness parameter and the slip effects cause increment in the existence range of similarity solution. The effects of unsteadiness parameter, the velocity ratio parameter, and the velocity and thermal slip parameters on the velocity and temperature distributions are analyzed and discussed.
1. Introduction
The stagnation-point flow due to a stretching sheet has received much attention because of its important practical applications in industry and practical applications, such as extrusion of polymers, glass fiber, the cooling of metallic plate, and the aerodynamics. As a hot topic in fluid mechanics, the two-dimensional stagnation flow was first studied by Hiemenz [1]. The result has been later extended to axisymmetric case by Homann [2] and improved by Howarth [3]. Following these works, various aspects of stagnation-point flow and heat transfer have been studied and many literatures have been generated on this problem [4–11]. The flow becomes time dependent in certain aspects, but the physical situation described in the above studies is under the condition of a steady state. Consequently, it is necessary to consider the unsteadiness of the flow. Nazar et al. [12] considered an unsteady boundary layer flow in the region of the stagnation point on a stretching sheet, while Bhattacharyya [13, 14] investigated the unsteady stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet. Sharma and Singh [15] also investigated an unsteady flow near a stagnation point on a stretching sheet in the presence of a time-dependent free stream. Some important properties of unsteady flows on a stretching sheet were described by Bachok et al. [16], Ishak et al. [17], and Hayat et al. [18].
The mixed convection in stagnation flow is a topic of significance in fluid mechanics when the buoyancy forces due to the temperature difference between the surface and the free stream become large, in the sense that both the flow and thermal fields are greatly affected by the buoyancy forces. Much interest has been given to the free and forced convection stagnation-point flows of a viscous fluid. Devi et al. [19] studied the unsteady laminar mixed convection in two-dimensional stagnation-point flows around heated surfaces by taking both cases of an arbitrary wall temperature and arbitrary surface heat flux variations. The unsteady mixed convection flow of a micropolar fluid was studied by Lok et al. [20], where they found the smooth transition from the initial unsteady-state flow to the final steady-state flow. Recently, Ishak et al. [21] reported the existence of dual solutions for both assisting and opposing flows of an electrically conducting fluid past a vertical permeable flat plate. Hayat et al. [22] investigated the effects of mixed convection unsteady stagnation-point flow of viscous fluid with variable free stream velocity.
In all the above studies, the assumption of the flow field obeys the conventional no-slip condition at the boundary. However, the assumption of the conventional no-slip condition at the boundary is not true and should be replaced by partial slip boundary condition in certain situations [25]. With a slip at the wall boundary, the flow behavior and the shear stress in the fluid are quite different from those in the no-slip cases. Wang [26] gave an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for the flow due to a stretching boundary with slip. Later, he [27] considered the effect of stagnation slip flow on the heat transfer from a moving plate. Ariel et al. [28, 29] studied the effects of slip on the flow of an elastic-viscous fluid with some other physical features. Many researchers have also investigated the slip flows in different configurations recently [30–35]. It can be pointed out here that less work has been done on the mixed convection flow with slip effect at the boundary. Cao and Baker [36] considered the slip effects on the mixed convective flow and heat transfer from a vertical plate and reported the local nonsimilarity solutions. Mukhopadhyay [37, 38] investigated effects of slip on unsteady mixed convective flow and heat transfer past a stretching surface and a porous stretching surface. Bhattacharyya et al. [39] studied the mixed convective flow adjacent to a vertical permeable stretching sheet in porous medium with slip effects. The similarity solution of the mixed convection boundary layer flow near the stagnation-point on a vertical surface with the slip effect was studied by Aman et al. [40]. Very recently, Nik Long et al. [41] studied mixed convection boundary layer caused by time-dependent velocity and the surface temperature in the two-dimensional unsteady stagnation-point flow over a stretching vertical sheet with the no-slip boundary condition.
Motivated by the above studies, in this paper we investigate the behaviour of the mixed convection unsteady stagnation-point flow towards a stretching sheet with slip effect on the boundary. The momentum and energy equations are solved numerically by a shooting method. The effects of the key parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed and discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this problem has not been studied before.
2. Flow Analysis
Consider an unsteady two-dimensional flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid in the vicinity of a stagnation-point towards a vertical stretching sheet. The sheet stretching velocity is where is a parameter showing the unsteadiness of the problem and is a constant with for a stretching sheet. The free stream velocity is , where is the strength of the stagnation flow. The surface temperature of the stretching sheet varies with the distance as , where is the constant free stream temperature with . The particular forms of the above expressions for , , and have been chosen in order to transform the governing partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations, thereby facilitating the exploration of the effects of the controlling parameters. It should be noticed that the expressions for , , and are valid for time , and , , have dimension time−1.
Using the boundary layer approximations, the governing equations for this problem are where and are the velocities in the and directions, is the kinematic viscosity, is the acceleration due to gravity, is the thermal expansion coefficient, is the fluid temperature, and is the thermal diffusivity. The boundary conditions with partial slip are given by Here and are the velocity slip factor and the thermal slip factor and and are the initial values of velocity and thermal slip factors, respectively.
To obtain the similarity solution, we now introduce the following similarity transformations: where is the steam function which automatically assures mass conservation (1). The velocity components are obtained as Substituting (5) into (2) and (3), we get where is the unsteadiness parameter, is the Prandtl number, is the buoyancy or mixed convection parameter defined as with being the local Grashof number, and is the local Reynolds number. It should be noticed that is a constant with and corresponding to assisting flow and opposing flow, respectively. The corresponding boundary conditions (4) become where and are the dimensionless velocity and thermal slip parameters, respectively, and is the ratio of stretching parameter and free steam velocity parameter.
The physical quantities of interest are the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number , which are defined as where the surface shear stress and the surface heat flux are given by Using the similarity transformations (5) and the relation (13) into (12), we get with being the local Reynolds number.
3. Results and Discussion
The nonlinear ordinary differential (7) subject to the boundary conditions (8)–(11) have been numerically solved using an improved shooting method described by Zheng et al. [42]. The results show the influences of some important nondimensional parameters on the feature of the flow and the heat transfer characteristics. In order to validate the numerical method used in this study and to judge the accuracy of the present analysis, the present values of the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number for different values of are compared with those obtained by Ishak et al. [23] and Pal [24] when and (absence of the slip effect), (the steady-state flow), , and for assisting and opposing flow. The quantitative comparisons are shown in Tables 1 and 2 and found to be in very good agreement.
The skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity, and temperature profiles are shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. Figures 1 and 2 show the variation of skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number with for the unsteadiness parameter in the absence of slip when the velocity ratio parameter and the Prandtl number . Moreover, the variations of and in the presence of slip (i.e., , ) are, respectively, shown in Figures 3 and 4.
It is seen from Figures 1–4 that the dual solutions exist for the buoyancy opposing flow (), whereas the solution is unique for the assisting flow (). It is worth mentioning that for all values of the parameters as shown in Figures 3 and 4, which means that the heat is transferred from the hot surface to the cool fluid. In the dual solutions range, we identify the first solution and second solution in the following discussion by the principle that the first solution has the higher values of and for a given than the second solution. It is observed that no solutions exist when , where is the critical value for which (7) have no solutions. Further, these figures show that the solutions could be obtained for all values of (assisting flow), while for (opposing flow), solutions exist only when . Based on our computations, we find that , respectively, for under nonslip condition shown in Figures 1 and 2, and , respectively, for under slip condition shown in Figures 3 and 4. Thus, it can be concluded that the solution domain expands as the unsteadiness parameter increases. Moreover, the velocity and thermal slip cause more increment in the existence range of similarity solution. It is also noteworthy that the impact of on in Figures 2 and 4 is more pronounced than on the in Figures 1 and 3.
In Figures 5–8, velocity profiles and temperature profiles are shown for different values of the unsteadiness parameter and velocity ratio parameter , respectively, in presence of slip (, ) for both the first and second solution branches. It is seen from Figures 5 and 7 that, for the first solution branch, the velocity increases with unsteadiness parameter or the velocity ratio parameter and this implies an accompanying reduction of the thickness of the momentum boundary layer. The opposite trend can be observed for the second solution branch. From Figures 6 and 8, it is observed that the temperature decreases with the increase of or for the first solution branch while a different trend is observed for the second solution branch.
The samples of the and for the selected values of the slip parameters are investigated in Figures 9–12. The effect of velocity slip parameter is shown in Figures 9 and 10, while the influence of thermal slip parameter is shown in Figures 11 and 12. It is clear that effects of the two type slips on velocity and temperature profiles are opposite. For the first solution branch, an increase in velocity slip parameter would decrease and increase , while an increase in thermal slip parameter would increase and decrease . For the second solution branch, the velocity and temperature profiles ( and ) show the opposite trend.
It is evident from Figures 5–12 that the first solution displays the thinner boundary layer thickness compared with the second solution. From Figures 5, 7, 9, and 10, it is interesting to note that for the second solution branch the value of initially decreases with to a negative value and for small it starts to increase and ultimately it becomes the positive value 1. Thus the velocity profiles exhibit reverse flow () near the wall (). Moreover, the samples of velocity and temperature profiles presented in Figures 5–12 show that the boundary conditions (11) are asymptotically satisfied, which supports the validity of the obtained numerical results.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, we have studied the mixed convection unsteady boundary layer flow and heat transfer about a stagnation-point towards a stretching sheet in the presence of both velocity and thermal slip conditions at the boundary. The governing equations are reduced to the ordinary differential equations by the similarity transformation and then numerically solved to obtain the influence of key parameters on the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, the velocity, and temperature profiles. The existence and duality of solutions are displayed in Figures 1–4 with the buoyancy parameter , and the range of for which the similarity solution exists increases with the unsteadiness parameter . Moreover, the velocity and thermal slip parameters cause more increment in the existence range of similarity solution. The effects of the unsteadiness parameter , velocity ratio parameter , velocity slip parameter , and thermal slip parameter on the velocity and temperature profiles are shown in Figures 5–12. It is noticed that the reverse flow occurs near the sheet. Different flow behavior is observed with the first and second solution branches.
Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51305080), Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 2012J05089), and Visiting Scholar Foundation of Key Lab in University (Grant no. GZKF-201217).