Wolf Pack Algorithm for Unconstrained Global Optimization

Table 5

Sensitivity analysis of step coefficient (𝑆).

Functions	Mean ± Std (SR/%) (the default of SR is 100%)
	0.04	0.06	0.08	0.10	0.12	0.14	0.16
Rosenbrock	6.9𝑒−8±4.3𝑒−8	2.7𝑒−8±3.5𝑒−8	1.1𝑒−8±9.1𝑒−9	3.2𝑒−9±2.7𝑒−9	5.0𝑒−9±5.7𝑒−9	3.2𝑒−9±3.7𝑒−9	1.2𝑒−9±1.6𝑒−9
Colville	1.3𝑒−7±7.1𝑒−8	3.3𝑒−7±2.8𝑒−7 (90)	2.6𝑒−7±1.9𝑒−7	2.3𝑒−7±1.4𝑒−7	3.5𝑒−7±2.5𝑒−7	9.5𝑒−7±1.0𝑒−6 (80)	1.4𝑒−6±1.5𝑒−6 (50)
Sphere	2.3𝑒−145±7.1𝑒−145	6.6𝑒−152±2.1𝑒−151	2.1𝑒−146±4.5𝑒−146	3.9𝑒−146±1.2𝑒−145	1.2𝑒−145±3.4𝑒−145	1.7𝑒−146±5.3𝑒−146	2.2𝑒−149±6.8𝑒−149
Sumsquares	9.8𝑒−145±3.1𝑒−144	3.1𝑒−146±8.4𝑒−146	8.1𝑒−147±2.6𝑒−146	4.8𝑒−146±1.0𝑒−145	3.8𝑒−152±7.9𝑒−152	3.4𝑒−147±1.1𝑒−146	1.2𝑒−147±3.9𝑒−147
Booth	5.4𝑒−7±3.3𝑒−7	1.6𝑒−9±1.1𝑒−9	3.2𝑒−11±1.6𝑒−11	1.3𝑒−12±9.1𝑒−13	1.3𝑒−13±1.2𝑒−13	3.9𝑒−15±1.8𝑒−15	1.2𝑒−16±5.8𝑒−17
Bridge	3.0054±4.7𝑒−16	3.0054±4.7𝑒−16	3.0054±4.7𝑒−16	3.0054±4.7𝑒−16	3.0054±4.7𝑒−16	3.0054±4.7𝑒−16	3.0054±4.7𝑒−16
Ackley	8.9𝑒−16±0	0.25±0.53 (80)	1.2𝑒−15±1.1𝑒−15	8.9𝑒−16±0	1.2𝑒−15±1.1𝑒−15	8.9𝑒−16±0	8.9𝑒−16±0
Griewank	0±0	0±0	0±0	0±0	0±0	0.06±0.19 (92)	0.20±0.42 (86)