A Novel Plant Root Foraging Algorithm for Image Segmentation Problems

Table 6

Objective value and standard deviation by the compared population-based methods on Otsu algorithm.

Image	𝑀−1	Objective values (standard deviation)
		ARFO	ABC	PSO	DE	GA
Avion	2	3.84𝐸+04; 3.32𝐸−01	3.70𝐸+04; 8.49𝐸−12	3.83𝐸+04; 1.58𝐸−02	3.82𝐸+04; 1.58𝐸−01	3.79𝐸+04; 3.92𝐸−01
	3	3.84𝐸+04; 1.82𝐸−01	3.75𝐸+04; 2.04𝐸−01	3.73𝐸+04; 1.38𝐸−01	3.84𝐸+04; 1.58𝐸+00	3.79𝐸+04; 2.82𝐸−01
	4	3.84𝐸+04; 5.23𝐸−01	3.79𝐸+04; 5.39𝐸−01	3.81𝐸+04; 8.18𝐸−01	3.73𝐸+04; 3.92𝐸−01	3.77𝐸+04; 1.63𝐸+00
House	2	3.16𝐸+04; 3.36𝐸−02	3.04𝐸+04; 4.80𝐸−01	3.11𝐸+04; 4.74𝐸−02	3.11𝐸+04; 3.78𝐸−03	3.11𝐸+04; 1.05𝐸+00
	3	3.18𝐸+04; 2.99𝐸−02	3.11𝐸+04; 3.72𝐸−02	3.07𝐸+04; 2.04𝐸−01	3.15𝐸+04; 4.72𝐸−01	3.11𝐸+04; 7.19𝐸−01
	4	3.23𝐸+04; 9.14𝐸−01	3.13𝐸+04; 5.42𝐸−01	3.15𝐸+04; 7.04𝐸−01	3.15𝐸+04; 3.61𝐸−01	3.12𝐸+04; 5.08𝐸+05
Lena	2	1.96𝐸+04; 9.90𝐸−03	1.92𝐸+04; 4.17𝐸−12	1.92𝐸+04; 2.40𝐸−02	1.93𝐸+04; 3.84𝐸−12	1.91𝐸+04; 5.18𝐸−01
	3	1.98𝐸+04; 8.12𝐸−03	1.94𝐸+04; 5.94𝐸−02	1.96𝐸+04; 3.60𝐸−01	1.96𝐸+04; 4.82𝐸−02	1.94𝐸+04; 1.28𝐸+00
	4	1.98𝐸+04; 2.34𝐸−01	1.94𝐸+04; 1.09𝐸+00	1.93𝐸+04; 4.04𝐸+00	1.95𝐸+04; 3.92𝐸−01	1.93𝐸+04; 2.15𝐸+00
Peppers	2	1.93𝐸+04; 3.78𝐸−01	1.84𝐸+04; 4.25𝐸−12	1.89𝐸+04; 3.58𝐸−01	1.87𝐸+04; 4.71𝐸−12	1.86𝐸+04; 1.71𝐸−01
	3	1.94𝐸+04; 9.03𝐸−01	1.87𝐸+04; 1.50𝐸−02	1.90𝐸+04; 1.84𝐸−01	1.89𝐸+04; 5.07𝐸−01	1.89𝐸+04; 3.82𝐸−01
	4	1.95𝐸+04; 8.79𝐸−01	1.88𝐸+04; 1.50𝐸−01	1.93𝐸+04; 1.51𝐸+00	1.93𝐸+04; 7.17𝐸−12	1.91𝐸+04; 4.27𝐸+00
Safari04	2	2.26𝐸+04; 4.81𝐸−01	2.23𝐸+04; 9.61𝐸−01	2.23𝐸+04; 2.50𝐸−01	2.14𝐸+04; 3.66𝐸−01	2.23𝐸+04; 3.93𝐸−01
	3	2.28𝐸+04; 8.34𝐸−01	2.24𝐸+04; 3.79𝐸−02	2.23𝐸+04; 1.62𝐸−01	2.15𝐸+04; 6.49𝐸−12	2.23𝐸+04; 5.03𝐸−01
	4	2.27𝐸+04; 5.70𝐸−01	2.23𝐸+04; 1.11𝐸+00	2.25𝐸+04; 3.86𝐸−01	2.24𝐸+04; 1.46𝐸+00	2.23𝐸+04; 5.03𝐸−01
Hunter	2	1.02𝐸+04; 1.25𝐸−01	1.01𝐸+04; 3.56𝐸−02	1.00𝐸+04; 4.74𝐸−01	1.01𝐸+04; 2.22𝐸−04	1.01𝐸+04; 6.26𝐸−01
	3	1.05𝐸+04; 1.34𝐸+00	1.02𝐸+04; 7.27𝐸−01	1.02𝐸+04; 7.07𝐸−01	1.02𝐸+04; 2.57𝐸+00	1.03𝐸+04; 1.62𝐸+00
	4	1.05𝐸+04; 9.16𝐸−01	1.03𝐸+04; 3.60𝐸+00	1.03𝐸+04; 1.99𝐸+00	1.04𝐸+04; 3.63𝐸−01	1.04𝐸+04; 3.82𝐸+00