A Novel Plant Root Foraging Algorithm for Image Segmentation Problems

Table 7

Objective value and standard deviation by the compared population-based methods on Otsu algorithm.

Image	𝑀−1	Objective values (standard deviation)
		ARFO	ABC	PSO	DE	GA
Avion	5	3.78𝐸+04	3.73𝐸+04	3.76𝐸+04	3.77𝐸+04	3.73𝐸+04
		3.53𝐸−01	4.63𝐸+00	1.47𝐸+00	2.23𝐸+00	2.41𝐸+00
	7	3.77𝐸+04	3.74𝐸+04	3.76𝐸+04	3.76𝐸+04	3.75𝐸+04
		3.78𝐸−01	4.75𝐸+00	1.47𝐸+00	3.73𝐸+00	2.83𝐸+00
	9	3.78𝐸+04	3.76𝐸+04	3.75𝐸+04	3.77𝐸+04	3.74𝐸+04
		1.45𝐸+00	2.35𝐸+00	2.68𝐸+00	3.36𝐸+00	1.59𝐸−01
House	5	3.14𝐸+04	3.08𝐸+04	3.11𝐸+04	3.12𝐸+04	3.09𝐸+04
		1.46𝐸+00	1.70𝐸+00	1.58𝐸+00	2.22𝐸+00	3.65𝐸+00
	7	3.15𝐸+04	3.12𝐸+04	3.10𝐸+04	3.13𝐸+04	3.10𝐸+04
		1.45𝐸−01	5.97𝐸+00	1.46𝐸+00	2.99𝐸+00	3.76𝐸+00
	9	3.16𝐸+04	3.11𝐸+04	3.09𝐸+04	3.13𝐸+04	3.10𝐸+04
		1.12𝐸+00	5.85𝐸+00	1.25𝐸+00	1.03𝐸+00	1.29𝐸+00
Lena	5	1.97𝐸+04	1.94𝐸+04	1.91𝐸+04	1.95𝐸+04	1.92𝐸+04
		1.58𝐸−01	2.13𝐸+00	1.39𝐸+00	2.78𝐸+00	2.60𝐸+00
	7	1.97𝐸+04	1.94𝐸+04	1.95𝐸+04	1.95𝐸+04	1.93𝐸+04
		1.15𝐸+00	5.74𝐸+00	2.59𝐸+00	1.79𝐸−01	1.48𝐸+00
	9	1.96𝐸+04	1.93𝐸+04	1.94𝐸+04	1.95𝐸+04	1.93𝐸+04
		1.57𝐸+00	6.83𝐸+00	3.76𝐸+00	1.23𝐸+00	3.66𝐸+00
Peppers	5	1.93𝐸+04	1.89𝐸+04	1.89𝐸+04	1.92𝐸+04	1.88𝐸+04
		5.06𝐸−01	1.57𝐸+00	1.79𝐸+00	2.19𝐸+00	4.31𝐸+00
	7	1.93𝐸+04	1.88𝐸+04	1.89𝐸+04	1.92𝐸+04	1.88𝐸+04
		1.39𝐸+00	2.67𝐸+00	4.01𝐸+00	5.07𝐸−01	2.83𝐸+00
	9	1.92𝐸+04	1.89𝐸+04	1.91𝐸+04	1.92𝐸+04	1.90𝐸+04
		1.20𝐸+00	2.69𝐸+00	2.01𝐸+00	5.07𝐸−01	4.39𝐸+00
Safari04	5	2.35𝐸+04	2.20𝐸+04	2.21𝐸+04	2.0445𝐸4	2.20𝐸+04
		1.03𝐸−01	6.73𝐸+00	1.46𝐸+00	2.23𝐸+04	2.19𝐸+00
	7	2.34𝐸+04	2.20𝐸+04	2.22𝐸+04	3.54𝐸+00	2.20𝐸+04
		1.48𝐸+00	4.75𝐸+00	1.11𝐸+00	2.23𝐸+04	3.74𝐸+00
	9	2.25𝐸+04	2.20𝐸+04	2.21𝐸+04	2.30𝐸+00	2.20𝐸+04
		9.68𝐸−01	1.43𝐸+00	5.18𝐸−01	3.65𝐸+00	2.34𝐸+00
Hunter	5	1.03𝐸+04	1.02𝐸+04	1.02𝐸+04	1.03𝐸+04	1.02𝐸+04
		7.91𝐸−01	4.32𝐸+00	3.65𝐸+00	4.95𝐸−01	3.61𝐸+00
	7	1.05𝐸+04	1.02𝐸+04	1.02𝐸+04	1.03𝐸+04	1.03𝐸+04
		1.83𝐸+00	3.98𝐸+00	2.35𝐸+00	1.76𝐸+00	2.66𝐸+00
	9	1.04𝐸+04	1.03𝐸+04	1.03𝐸+04	1.03𝐸+04	1.03𝐸+04
		1.37𝐸+00	5.85𝐸+00	2.45𝐸+00	4.94𝐸−01	3.98𝐸+00