A Plant Propagation Algorithm for Constrained Engineering Optimisation Problems

Table 4

Minimization of the weight of a compression spring.

Solution vector	MP(M-5) [33]	EC [34]	GA [28]	BDAs [32]	PHS [27]	IPHS [27]	PPA
𝑥1	0.0500	0.0533	0.0519	0.0514	0.0500	0.0518	0.0515
𝑥2	0.3159	0.3991	0.3639	0.3513	0.3173	0.3608	0.3541
𝑥3	14.2500	9.1854	10.8905	11.6086	14.0375	11.0503	11.4387
𝑔1(𝑥)	−0.00001	0.00001	−0.00001	−0.0033	−4.7653𝐸−6	−2.1962𝐸−6	−5𝐸−15
𝑔2(𝑥)	−0.0037	−0.00001	−0.00002	−1.0970𝐸−4	−1.8124𝐸−4	−2.8408𝐸−7	−1.3901𝐸−9
𝑔3(𝑥)	−3.9383	−4.1238	−4.0613	−4.0263	−3.9672	−4.0618	−4.0487
𝑔4(𝑥)	−0.7560	−0.6982	−0.7226	−0.7312	−0.7550	−0.7248	−0.7294
𝑓(𝑥)	0.01283	0.01273	0.01268	0.01266	0.01272	0.01266	0.01266