Simplified Reliability Estimation for Optimum Strengthening Ratio of 30-Year-Old Double T-Beam Railway Bridge by NSM Techniques

Table 1

Result of FEM analysis for external railway load.

	Probability distribution	Mean/Nominal	Mean	COV^a	Load factor
Dead load	Normal	1.05	180.0 kN·m	0.1	1.4
Live load	Lognormal	1.00	580.8 kN·m	0.2–0.4	2.0

aCOV: coefficient of variation.