An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Centroid and Exponential Inertia Weight

Table 1

Descriptions of four benchmark functions.

Function	Mathematical formula	Range and dim.	Minima	Characteristics
Griewank			0	Highly multimodal
Rastrigin			0	Highly multimodal
Rosenbrock			0	Multiple local optima
Sphere			0	Unimodal convex