Back Analysis of the Permeability Coefficient of a High Core Rockfill Dam Based on a RBF Neural Network Optimized Using the PSO Algorithm
Table 9
Measured and simulated hydraulic head under the condition of steady and unsteady seepage.
Partition
Coarse rockfill material II
Filter material I
Core-wall
Osmometer number
DB-C-P-21
DB-C-P-40
DB-C-P-24
DB-C-P-33
DB-C-P-43
DB-C-P-35
DB-C-P-27
Abscissa (m)
529.9
629.0
629.9
638.1
669.5
680.0
698.5
Steady seepage
Measured hydraulic head (m)
773.80
773.39
772.91
773.12
732.10
692.06
648.03
Simulated hydraulic head (m)
774.00
773.99
773.97
773.98
730.01
687.80
644.67
Absolute error (m)
0.20
0.60
1.06
0.86
−2.09
−4.26
−3.36
Relative error (%)
0.09
0.28
0.50
0.40
−1.22
−3.23
−3.82
Unsteady seepage (on August 19, 2013)
Measured hydraulic head (m)
789.06
792.35
788.35
789.63
742.45
698.77
647.83
Simulated hydraulic head (m)
790.26
790.25
790.21
790.22
746.17
695.72
648.73
Absolute error (m)
1.20
−2.10
1.86
0.59
3.72
−3.05
0.90
Relative error (%)
0.52
−0.90
0.82
0.26
2.03
−2.20
1.03
Unsteady Seepage (on September 16, 2013)
Measured hydraulic head (m)
801.20
804.85
801.79
803.53
750.93
706.23
655.34
Simulated hydraulic head (m)
802.86
802.85
802.80
802.81
752.97
701.27
650.86
Absolute error (m)
1.66
−2.00
1.10
−0.72
2.04
−4.96
−4.48
Relative error (%)
0.69
−0.82
0.42
−0.30
1.07
−3.39
−4.70
Note: absolute error = simulated hydraulic head − measured hydraulic head; relative error = absolute error/(measured hydraulic head − the lowest elevation of foundation surface, 560 m).
