Improvement on Load-Induced Cascading Failure in Asymmetrical Interdependent Networks: Modeling and Analysis

Figure 2

The cascading failure under node attack on asymmetrical interdependent network. The initial topology of the asymmetrical network, shown in (a), has a set of nodes in and , labeled as and , respectively. The internal edges are represented as solid black lines and the coupling edges are represented as dashed blue lines. Red circles represent the failed nodes and green circles represent the nodes that suffered from the load redistribution but are still active.

(a) Stage 1

(b) Stage 2

(c) Stage 3

(d) Stage 4