Hybrid Biogeography Based Optimization for Constrained Numerical and Engineering Optimization

Table 6

Statistic results of HBBO and other six state-of-the-art methods for tension/compression spring design.

Method	Best	Mean	Worst	FFEs
HBBO	0.012665233	0.012665393	0.012666698	43,800
PSO-DE	0.012665233	0.012665233	0.012665233	42,100
CDE	0.0126702	0.012703	0.012790	240,000
CPSO	0.0126747	0.01273	0.012924	200,000
()-ES	0.012689	0.013165	NA	30,000
UPSO	0.01312	0.02294	NA	100,000
ABC	0.012665	0.012709	NA	30,000