Bilevel Programming Model of Private Capital Investment in Urban Public Transportation: Case Study of Jinan City

Table 3

Results.

Whether or not to consider the lower constraints	Situation of private capital involvement	Bus ticket price; (yuan)	BRT ticket; price; (yuan)	Bus departure frequency; (shifts/hour)	BRT departure frequency; (shifts/hour)	Objective value; (yuan)
Not considering; lower constraints	Without private capital	2.98	2	4	6	3891
	Traditional investment	2.75	2	4	6	4152
	Investment with returns	2.67	2	4	6	4187
Considering lower constraints	Without private capital	1	2	15	20	2737
	Traditional investment	1	2	15	20	3457
	Investment with returns	1	2	15	20	3488