Research Article
Landslide Occurrence Prediction Using Trainable Cascade Forward Network and Multilayer Perceptron
Table 1
Landslide causative factor’s ranges and ratio.
| | Factors | Class | Area (pixels) | Ratio | | Total area | Landslide occurrence area | Total area | Landslide occurrence |
| | Elevation (meter) | 0–79 | 6641099 | 10902 | 55.2% | 15.85% | | 80–159 | 1390848 | 13026 | 11.56% | 18.94% | | 160–239 | 1186046 | 12181 | 9.86% | 17.71% | | 240–319 | 882426 | 9687 | 7.33% | 14.08% | | 320–399 | 608281 | 8491 | 5.06% | 12.34% | | 400–479 | 449927 | 6900 | 3.74% | 10.03% | | 480–559 | 391076 | 4461 | 3.25% | 6.49% | | >560 | 481490 | 3138 | 4% | 4.56% |
| | Slope angle (degree) | 0–7 | 6318295 | 6100 | 52.52% | 8.87% | | 8–15 | 1515746 | 12512 | 12.6% | 18.19% | | 16–23 | 2003138 | 19769 | 16.65% | 28.74% | | 24–31 | 1490172 | 19504 | 12.39% | 28.35% | | 32–39 | 554603 | 8537 | 4.61% | 12.41% | | 40–47 | 121293 | 1825 | 1.01% | 2.65% | | >48 | 539 | 539 | 0.23% | 0.78% |
| | Slope aspect (degree) | North | 811040 | 7819 | 6.74% | 11.37% | | North-East | 980909 | 11490 | 8.15% | 16.70% | | East | 996431 | 9081 | 8.28% | 13.20% | | South-East | 723126 | 7515 | 6.01% | 10.93% | | South | 796410 | 7164 | 6.62% | 10.41% | | South-West | 903353 | 9771 | 7.51% | 14.20% | | West | 958631 | 8657 | 7.97% | 12.59% | | North-west | 654463 | 5217 | 5.44% | 7.58% | | Flat | 52066830 | 2072 | 43.28% | 3.01% |
| | General curvature | Convex | 2992360 | 35717 | 24.86% | 51.92% | | Concave | 3148149 | 26894 | 26.17% | 39.10% | | Flat | 5890684 | 6175 | 48.97% | 8.98% |
| | Profile curvature | Convex | 3098090 | 26030 | 25.75% | 37.84% | | Concave | 2886983 | 36014 | 23.99% | 52.35% | | Flat | 6046120 | 6742 | 50.99 | 9.80% |
| | Plan curvature | Convex | 361329 | 31779 | 30.18% | 46.19% | | Concave | 2594977 | 31281 | 21.56% | 45.47% | | Flat | 5804887 | 5726 | 48.26% | 8.30% |
| | Land cover | Forest, bush, swam | 6112837 | 52195 | 50.81% | 75.88% | | Vegetation | 1617410 | 10951 | 13.44% | 15.92% | | Transport | 894789 | 2288 | 7.44% | 3.33% | | Settlement | 1476907 | 404 | 12.28% | 0.59% | | Cemetery | 138389 | 1442 | 1.15% | 2.1% | | Mining | 31931 | 0 | 0.27% | 0.0% | | Industry | 192485 | 13 | 1.6% | 0.019% | Government
institution | 156625 | 177 | 1.3% | 0.26% | | Public facility | 217492 | 155 | 1.18% | 0.23% | | Plains, hills | 303211 | 501 |
2.51% | 0.73% | | Buildings | 24327 | 0 | 0.2% | 0% | | Religious area | 41945 | 159 | 0.35% | 0.23% | | Business | 205595 | 0 | 1.71% | 0% | | Sea, lake, river | 267665 | 430 | 2.22% | 0.63% | | Public utility | 56358 | 71 | 0.47% | 0.1% | | Livestock | 81141 | 0 | 0.67% | 0% | | Education | 212085 | 0 | 1.76% | 0% |
| | Vegetation cover | Forest, plant, Bush | 5441433 | 51148 | 45.23% | 74.36% | | Swamp | 412778 | 960 | 3.43% | 1.4% | | Mixed farms | 258984 | 80 | 2.15% | 0.12% | | Fruit farm | 145514 | 1683 | 1.21% | 2.45% | | Oil farm | 968301 | 9023 | 8.05% | 13.12% | | Sugarcane | 176678 | 0 | 1.47% | 0% | | Vegetable | 156 | 0 | 0.0013% | 0% | | Farm | 55599 | 87 | 0.46% | 0.13% | | Coconut | 79156 | 0 | 0.66% | 0.0% | | Pineapple | 81 | 0 | 0.00067% | 0.0% | | Paddy | 126263 | 0 | 1.05% | 0.0% | | Rubber | 2241 | 0 | 0.019% | 0.0% | | Others | 65338 | 208 | 0.54% | 0.3% | | None | 4298671 | 5597 | 35.73% | 8.14% |
| | Distance from fault line | 0–100 | 641379 | 7164 | 5.33% | 10.41% | | 101–200 | 651750 | 3427 | 5.42% | 4.98% | | 201–300 | 643860 | 1939 | 5.35% | 2.82% | | 301–400 | 637145 | 4272 | 5.30% | 6.21% | | 401–500 | 630562 | 5715 | 5.24% | 8.31% | | 501–600 | 611528 | 4756 | 5.08% | 6.92% | | 601–700 | 588891 | 5671 | 4.89% | 8.24% | | 701–800 | 549700 | 4855 | 4.57% | 7.06% | | 801–900 | 511179 | 6090 | 4.25% | 8.85% | | 9001–1000 | 457995 | 3593 | 3.81% | 5.22% | | >1000 | 6107204 | 21298 | 50.76% | 30.96% |
| | Distance from road | 0–49 | 3807202 | 5863 | 31.64% | 8.52% | | 50–99 | 1044665 | 2056 | 8.68% | 2.99% | | 100–149 | 748374 | 3324 | 6.22% | 4.83% | | 150–199 | 598005 | 3053 | 4.97% | 4.44% | | 200–249 | 504546 | 3267 | 4.19% | 4.75% | | 250–299 | 440547 | 3368 | 3.66% | 4.9% | | 300–349 | 389709 | 3787 | 3.24% | 5.51% | | 350–399 | 354222 | 4152 | 2.94% | 6.04% | | 400–449 | 328068 | 2805 | 2.73% | 4.08% | | >450 | 3815855 | 37111 | 31.72% | 53.95% |
| | Distance from drainage | 0–49 | 4229076 | 41931 | 35.15% | 60.96% | | 50–99 | 2214851 | 11711 | 18.41% | 17.03% | | 100–149 | 1497866 | 6864 | 12.45% | 9.98% | | 150–199 | 980562 | 3980 | 8.15% | 5.79% | | 200–249 | 643367 | 1943 | 5.35% | 2.82% | | 250–299 | 455199 | 1003 | 3.78% | 1.46% | | 300–349 | 344950 | 586 | 2.87% | 0.85% | | 350–399 | 274824 | 517 | 2.28% | 0.75% | | 400–449 | 224731 | 205 | 1.87% | 0.30% | | >450 | 1165767 | 46 | 9.69% | 0.07% |
| | Geology | Muka head microgranite | 174024 | 1431 | 1.45% | 2.08% | | Feringgi, granite | 2343321 | 22931 | 19.48% | 33.34% | Tanjung
Bunga granite | 2751458 | 19292 | 22.87% | 28.05% | Sungai area
granite | 318909 | 500 | 2.65% | 0.73% | Batu Maung
granite | 3359896 | 24365 | 27.93% | 35.42% | | Clay, sand, granite | 3083585 | 267 | 25.63 | 0.39% |
| | Soil texture | Sand | 133506 | 0 | 1.11% | 0.00% | | Sandy clay | 443859 | 505 | 3.69% | 0.74% | | Loam | 6535957 | 67126 | 54.33% | 97.59% | | Sandy loam | 1606303 | 790 | 13.35 | 1.15% | | Silty clay | 332707 | 55 | 2.77% | 0.08% | | Urban land | 2978861 | 309 | 24.76% | 0.45% |
| | Rain precipitation | 2254–2319.8 | 85398 | 849 | 0.71% | 1.23% | | 2319.9–2379.3 | 549900 | 1571 | 4.57% | 2.28% | | 2379.4–2433.2 | 1489192 | 10850 | 12.38% | 15.77% | | 2433.3–2481.9 | 2815573 | 16632 | 23.4% | 24.18% | | 2481.0–2535.8 | 3202204 | 6815 | 26.62% | 9.91% | | 2535.9–2595.8 | 3003842 | 22832 | 24.97% | 33.19% | | 2595.9–2661.1 | 559762 | 6617 | 4.65% | 9.61% | | 2661.2–2722.8 | 227570 | 1755 | 1.89% | 2.55% | | 2733.9–2903 | 97752 | 865 | 0.81% | 1.26% |
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