Recent Developments in Multiscale and Multiphase Modelling of the Hydraulic Fracturing Process

Figure 3

Developments on the BPM model for better representation of the nonlinear behaviour of hard rock and more realistic values of the ratio between tensile and unconfined compressive strengths. (a) The “cluster” logic [45], (b) the “clump” logic versus the “cluster” logic [50], (c) the flat-joint contact model [51], and smooth-joint contact model (SJM) [139].

(a)

(b)

(c)