Morphing Wing Structural Optimization Using Opposite-Based Population-Based Incremental Learning and Multigrid Ground Elements

Algorithm 1

Design variables encoding/decoding scheme for a multigrid design approach.

Initialization Generate three sets of ground segments and proper finite element grid for each set.

Input   sized

Output: Thicknesses of wing segments and nodal positions

Encoding

is used for selecting a set of ground elements

to are used for segment thicknesses

to are used for nodal position variables

Decoding

(1) Find = round() where round(·) is a round-off operator.

(2) If

   (2.1) to are set as segment thicknesses

   (2.2) to are set as nodal position variables

(3) If

   (3.1) to are set as segment thicknesses

   (3.2) to are set as nodal position variables

(4) If

   (3.1) to are set as segment thicknesses

   (2.2) to are set as nodal position variables