Morphing Wing Structural Optimization Using Opposite-Based Population-Based Incremental Learning and Multigrid Ground Elements

Table 4

Performance comparison based on hypervolume (HV).

MOEAS	Number of runs	Test problems
		F1	F2	F3	F4
MPBIL	1	13.0720	15.4056	17.5563	20.4751
	2	11.8899	12.4865	12.7354	15.8351
	3	13.5215	10.8927	8.7126	6.6081
	Average	12.8278	12.9283	13.0014	14.3061
OMPBIL	1	13.8675	16.3227	18.9464	24.2921
	2	14.6692	13.7767	17.6144	18.2879
	3	14.8824	13.3155	22.8222	26.7169
	Average	14.4730	14.4716	19.7943	23.0990