Method for Modeling Electrorheological Dampers Using Its Dynamic Characteristics

Table 2

Model terms used to represent the ER damper characteristics.

Characteristic	Observed diagram	Model term
Viscous damping	Passive FV	ż
Stiffness	Passive FD	z
Friction	Passive FV
Hysteresis loop	Passive FV
Frequency dependent hysteresis	Passive FV	,
Preyield zone	SA FV
Gain in force due to manipulation	SA FV