Displacement of Pile-Reinforced Slopes with a Weak Layer Subjected to Seismic Loads

Figure 4

Procedure of DLO to determine critical layout of slip-lines: (a) starting problem; (b) discretization of soil by nodes; (c) interconnection of nodes with potential discontinuities; (d) identification of critical subset of potential discontinuities by optimization (adapted from Smith and Gilbert [25]).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)