Hybrid Predictor and Field-Biased Context Pixel Selection Based on PPVO

<div>PPVO and HPPVO embedding schemes in the case of equivalent context pixels. The top-left pixel is the current pixel to be predicted. There are three context pixels and the pixel values are equal to a constant VC. The red solid lines indicate embedded data bits. The blue solid lines indicate shifts. The black solid lines indicate skipping. Rows indicate pixel transformation.</div>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Figure 3: Hybrid Predictor and Field-Biased Context Pixel Selection Based on PPVO 