Multistep Wind Speed Forecasting Using a Novel Model Hybridizing Singular Spectrum Analysis, Modified Intelligent Optimization, and Rolling Elman Neural Network

Table 12

Average results of one-hour wind speed.

	1-step	2-step	3-step	5-step
	ARIMA
MSE (m/s)	1.6354	2.1309	2.5701	3.2735
MAE (m/s)	0.9486	1.0661	1.1516	1.2783
MAPE (%)	15.65	17.61	19.03	21.02
	RENN
MSE (m/s)	1.2826	1.644	1.9423	2.359
MAE (m/s)	0.7939	0.891	0.9484	1.0233
MAPE (%)	12.92	14.4	15.36	16.67
	SSA-PSO-RENN
MSE (m/s)	0.71	1.0889	1.4313	1.9642
MAE (m/s)	0.6125	0.73	0.8369	0.9602
MAPE (%)	10.45	12.23	13.86	15.68
	BPNN
MSE (m/s)	1.3162	1.6523	1.8989	2.285
MAE (m/s)	0.8015	0.9098	0.9719	1.0608
MAPE (%)	13.28	15.02	16.11	17.76
	SSA-RENN
MSE (m/s)	0.72	1.064	1.3589	1.8034
MAE (m/s)	0.6239	0.7265	0.8203	0.9272
MAPE (%)	10.63	12.26	13.72	15.27
	SSA-FAPSO-RENN
MSE (m/s)	0.6723	1.0123	1.3551	1.9051
MAE (m/s)	0.6021	0.7043	0.808	0.9482
MAPE (%)	10.23	11.78	13.39	15.5