Abstract
This paper presents the kinematic analysis of a continuum bionic robot with three flexible actuation rods. Since the motion of the end-effector is actuated by the deformation of the rods, the robot structure is with high elasticity and good compliance and the kinematic analysis of the robot requires special treatment. We propose a kinematic model based on the geometry with constant curvature. The analysis consists of two independent mappings: a general mapping for the kinematics of all robots and a specific mapping for this kind of robots. Both of those mappings are developed for the single section and for the multisections. We aim at providing a guide for kinematic analysis of the similar manipulators through this paper.
1. Introduction
Nowadays, people have already found the incredible ability of adaptation, excellent locomotion, and capability of being dexterous to move in complex environment presented by snakes [1], elephant’s trunk [2], and octopus tentacles [3] from nature. These outstanding performances have inspired researchers to explore further in the fields of flexible bionic robots.
Robinson and Davies [4] proposed that the classification of robots can be divided into continuum robots, discrete robots, and serpentine robots. Continuum robots [5] can bend into different shapes because of the unique mechanical structure and the way of actuation in order to generate the desired movement path. This new type of robots possesses good ability of bending and dexterity; therefore we can apply these robots in narrow and unstructured environment.
Currently, researchers have become increasingly interested in the design and control of continuum robots. Sun invented a cable-driven continuum robot [6] for colonoscopy, which consists of a flexible backbone, several disks, and driven cables. This flexible robot has two bending joints, and each joint has two degrees of freedom. The end-effector can move in all directions of the workspace due to the actuated cables. Sun used a method of geometry analysis to develop the kinematic model of the cable-driven robot.
Walker and his team invented continuum robots such as Oct-Arm [7] and Air-Octor [8] with coupled tendons; Jones and Walker [9] designed a bionic elephant’s trunk consisting of springs, damping device, and metal disks; Festo designed Bionic Tripod 2.0 and Bionic Tripod 3.0, and a bionic robot seems like elephant’s trunk based on pneumatic bellows called Bionic Assistant [10]. Simaan [11] invented a kind of bionic robot which seems like snake with flexible backbone and cable-driven, with the diameter of 0.0042 m, and this robot was proposed for throat surgery; Gravagne et al. designed a kind of continuum robot called Clemson tentacle manipulator [12].
Researchers developed different methods to establish the kinematic models of continuum robots with different structures. Jones and Walker [7, 9] used a modified homogenous transformation matrix in terms of Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) type approach to develop and analyze the kinematic model of the continuum robot. They also simulated the parameters of the continuum robot’s trunk. This method gave the transformation of a section of the continuum robot between the base coordinate frame and the coordinate frame of the end-effector by multiplying five D-H transformation matrices. In the end, they obtained the homogenous transformation matrix of the robot. Their method reflected a transformation of robot kinematics model from rigid to flexible. Simaan et al. [13] used a differential method to divide the robot into several small units and then computed the position of the end-effector of a single manipulator by using integration method and obtained the Jacobian matrix.
In this paper, we design a bionic continuum robot inspired by fins, which uses flexible rods made of glass fiber to replace the rigid structure existing in the traditional robot. We can control the position and orientation of the end-effector by changing the length of the rods, and we use continuous curvature method based on geometry to develop kinematic model of the continuum robot. We obtain the mapping among the configuration space, manipulation space, and task space to analyze the kinematics.
2. Design and Analysis of the Prototype Machine
2.1. Design of the Prototype Machine
The prototype robot under study is shown in Figure 1, with its height of 1.2 m and its overall frame (③) made of aluminum alloy. The components of the prototype machine contain three modules (①), some parts of 3D printing (②), six fiber glass rods (④ and ⑥), three star configurations (⑤), four rubber base plates (⑧), twelve rollers (⑨), and any other fasteners. We assume that ⑩ is the base face.
The prototype robot has three passive rods (in gray as shown in Figure 1). The modules are fixed on the aluminum frame and distributed by 120 degrees. They are actuated by step motors. Three passive rods are auxiliary and installed through every four rollers, which are fixed on the corresponding aluminum alloy rods. Three active rods are covered by black like ⑥ as shown in Figure 1, with the length of 1.6 m. Each active rod is fixed on the slider of the corresponding module, and its length can be changed by moving the slider; the variation range of the length is from 1.2 m to 1.5 m. Six flexible rods are made of fiber glass, which not only guarantees the ability of bending and makes the manipulator lighter and thus safer, but also makes it have a certain strength to ensure its stable movement.
2.2. Analysis of the Prototype Machine
The biomimetic fish-fin continuum robot mechanism diagram is shown in Figure 2, three black lines represent three active rods (⑥) of the prototype robot, the base face is fixed, three rods are connected with the end-effector, and the prismatic pair represents corresponding slider of the module. Due to the movement of the slider, it can change the length of each rod, respectively, which can also change the position and orientation of the end-effector. We establish the coordinate frames -- and -- on the base face (⑩) and face of end-effector (⑦), respectively.
As shown in Figure 2, we approximate the entire structure as a straight prism since the length of rod is much longer than the lengths of the sides of both faces, and we establish and analyze the kinematic model under this approximation.
3. Constant Curvature Kinematic Model
We used a kinematic model of continuous curvature based on geometry. Compared with the method of modified D-H and finite element analysis [14], we find that this method of modeling is more suitable for continuum robot and easier to implement. This kinematic model is based on two points:(1)when the manipulator is bending, we can approximate as a circular arc;(2)we ignore the gravity in the kinematic modeling.
The assumption of the continuous curvature kinematic model can be divided into two mappings, as visualized in Figure 3: a specific mapping is from actuation space to configuration space parameters and the other is from configuration space to task space.
3.1. The General Mapping between Configuration Space and Task Space
The mapping between configuration space and task space can be described by homogeneous transformation matrix from the base to the end-effector. We establish the corresponding coordinate frame as shown in Figure 1. At the same time, in Figure 4, we can see the kinematic model and coordinate frame of the manipulator.
We consider the +-axis of the base coordinate frame to be tangent to the base of the robot, and the pedal is in the center of the base, the direction of the -axis points to the top of the robot in the initial state, and the variable describes the angle of the rotation of the trunk about the -axis. When , the direction of the robot trunk bending defines the +-axis, and +-axis is defined by right-hand rule about +-axis and +-axis.
We establish the terminal coordinate frame on center of the end-effector in the prototype robot; when the main body of robot rotates about +-axis by , the bending direction defines +-axis. At the same time, we consider the +-axis of the terminal coordinate frame to be tangent to the top of the main body of the robot. The direction of +-axis is defined by right-hand rule about +-axis and +-axis.
In Figure 4, when , the manipulator lies in the - plane, its main body becomes a circular arc with radius of and its center at , and then we can obtain the position of the end-effector as
If we rotate the arc about +-axis by angle of , the homogenous transformation can be obtained as
We note that, in some applications such as when a gripper is attached on the top of the robot, it is useful to orient the coordinate frame such that it aligns with the base frame when “sliding” along the arc to the base without rotation about the local -axis, that is, use of Bishop’s frame [15, 16]. It is equivalent to postmultiplying by a homogeneous transformation with rotation , and we can obtain the following equation:
From (3), we obtain that the position of the end-effector is
We can derive the inverse kinematic equation from (4) as follows:
3.2. The Specific Mapping between Actuated Space and Configuration Space
The intention of deriving the mapping between actuation space and the configuration space is to obtain the relationship between the actuation states, , and the parameters , , and of the constant curvature model, in which variable describes the rotation angle of the manipulator, variable describes the curvature, and variable describes the length of the arc. We can obtain the variable from .
From Figures 5 and 6, we can derive the relationship between bending radius and the bending radius of each flexible rod in the following form:
The variable describes the distance from the center of the base face to the center of the flexible rod as shown in Figure 6. The variable describes the angle between bending direction of the manipulator and the location of the th rod. Recall that and , and then we can obtain the relationship between the length of arc () and the length of the th rod () as follows:
We can obtain the relationship between and from Figure 6 (in degree):
From (7), we have
Substituting and into (7), respectively, and combining them with (8), we obtain the relationship between and the actuation state :
Recall that , then we have , and simultaneous formulas with it and (6) give
Substituting into (9) gives
From (12) and (10), we can derive the relationship between the curvature and the actuated state ; that is,
Equations (9), (10), and (13) describe the specific mapping of a single section of the continuum robot, and substituting them into (4), we can obtain (15), which describes the relationship between the position of the end-effector and the length of three active rods.
In (14), , , , and can be computed as follows:
4. Velocity Kinematics
There are different ways to compute the forward kinematics, as shown in Table 1, which represent the D-H parameters of the constant model, and (3) can be decomposed into several D-H transforms.
The relationship between actuate state and the end-effector state can be described aswhere is a vector which contains the information of the position and orientation about the end-effector. We can see that there are a set of functions including , , and . These equations represent the modified D-H approach, the relationship between the D-H parameters and the curve parameters , and the relationship between three aforementioned parameters and the length of actuated flexible rods, which is represented with the vector of .
Then velocity kinematics are derived by differentiating (16) with respect to time. That is,where is the Jacobian between the velocity of the end-effector and the time rate of length change.
From Table 1, we can use the general method to compute . Then we can compute from Table 1 and from the function .
Finally, the Jacobian can be computed by the following equation:
These detailed expressions of each term on the right side of (18) are shown in Appendix. Also, this approach of computing the Jacobian can be used for other continuum robots, such as the ones actuated pneumatically.
The Jacobian can help us with modeling of the dynamics of this kind of robot, and it is useful to control the robot with PID or other methods of implementation. These will be reported in future papers.
5. The Analysis of the Manipulator Task Space
The manipulator has three degrees of freedom, there are two types of special bending and one extension along -axis, and we bend the manipulator by controlling the position of three slides to move the end-effector. We can simulate the task space of the manipulator through (4). We make the bending angle of the backbone change between 0 and due to the material of fiber glass, and length of each active rod changes between 1.2 meters and 1.5 meters. According to this above-mentioned rule, the task space of the manipulator is described as shown in Figure 7 by Matlab.
Figure 7 shows to us the positions which the end-effector can reach in the workspace.
6. The Analysis of Kinematic Simulation
6.1. The Simulation of Forward Kinematic
We can obtain the motion condition of each actuation rod. We define that the variable is 0.0625 m, the bending angle is between and , and the angle is between 0 and , when the number of sampling points is 25. Using Matlab, the variable curve of each active rod is shown in Figure 8.
Under the same conditions, if we set that the initial positon of the end-effector is (0, 0, 1.3) and when the length of the main body of the manipulator is 1.3 meters, we can simulate the position of end-effector in -, -, and -axis as shown in Figure 9.
6.2. The Simulation of Inverse Kinematic
In this section, we assume a condition of the manipulator as the variable equals , the bending angle of the manipulator is between 0 and , such as , and the length of the manipulator is 1.3 meters, then we compute the variable length of each active rod, correspondingly, and the simulation of inverse kinematic is shown as in Figure 10.
We can derive the length of each active rod with knowing the position and orientation of the end-effector by analyzing the inverse kinematics, and it can help us to control the end-effector directly.
7. Conclusion
(1)Flexible continuum robots have been applied to a wide range of areas. Comparing them with traditional rigid robot, they are safer and more flexible. In this paper, we use constant curvature kinematic model based on geometry, and it is easy to implement and also suitable for robots with different kinds of actuation methods.(2)We proposed a prototype robot based on the actuation of flexible rods, used the above-mentioned method to establish the kinematic model, and derive the inverse kinematic equations.(3)In this paper, we analyze the kinematic model, derive the forward and inverse kinematic model, and the relationship between the length of each active rod and the position of the end-effector.(4)The flexible continuum robot offers great potential for the robot application, and the manipulation is also an important issue. We will study the positioning error compensation method in future research to improve the accuracy.
Appendix
iswhere means , means , means , and means .
Computing from Table 1 gives
Then we can compute the function from (9), (10), and (13) as follows:where , , , , and are given as
Finally, we can compute the Jacobian by (18), Table 1, and by (9), (10), and (13).
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
This research work is supported by National Key Technology Support Program of China (Grant no. 2015BAF10B01) and Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant nos. 15111104002 and 15111106302).