Design and Validation of Real-Time Optimal Control with ECMS to Minimize Energy Consumption for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mpe/volume-2017/3095347/figures/3095347.fig.009a.svgz" name="3095347.fig.009a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Hardware connection</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/mpe/volume-2017/3095347/figures/3095347.fig.009b.svgz" name="3095347.fig.009b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Software interface</td></tr></table>

<div>VBOX3i data acquisition system.</div>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Figure 9

Figure 9: Design and Validation of Real-Time Optimal Control with ECMS to Minimize Energy Consumption for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles 