Design and Validation of Real-Time Optimal Control with ECMS to Minimize Energy Consumption for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Table 2

SFC (L/100 km), final SOC (INITIAL 0.7), and eSFC (L/100 km) for a cycle under the EUDC.

Strategy	Performance
	SFC	eSFC	Final SOC
Rule-based	5.14 (100%)	4.54 (88.3%)	0.64
Global optimal	3.05 (59.3%)	2.86 (55.6%)	0.69
Simpler real-time	3.09 (60.1%)	2.90 (56.4%)	0.68
Real-time with ECMS	3.07 (59.7%)	2.87 (55.8%)	0.69