Research Article
Design and Validation of Real-Time Optimal Control with ECMS to Minimize Energy Consumption for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Table 3
Comparison between ssSFC (L/100 km) and eSFC (L/100 km) under the UDDS, HWFET, and NEDC.
| | Strategy | ssSFC | eSFC | | UDDS | HWFET | NEDC | UDDS | HWFET | NEDC |
| | Rule-based | 4.85 | 4.25 | 4.81 | 4.82 | 4.23 | 4.80 | | Global optimal | 2.97 | 2.68 | 2.92 | 2.95 | 2.67 | 2.92 | | Simpler real-time | 3.21 | 2.79 | 3.17 | 3.18 | 2.78 | 3.16 | | Real-time with ECMS | 3.17 | 2.67 | 3.12 | 3.14 | 2.65 | 3.11 |
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