A Hybrid Approach for Evaluating Faulty Behavior Risk of High-Risk Operations Using ANP and Evidence Theory

Table 1

Factors description of proposed HFACS index framework.

Group	Factors	Description
A Organizational influences	A1 Organization structure and responsibility	Safety management institution and safety staffs; formulation, decomposition, implementation, and evaluation of safety production targets; prevailing atmosphere/vision within the organization including such things as policies, command structure, and culture.
	A2 Safety investment	Monetary and equipment resources necessary to carry out the vision, such as safety production expenses and industrial injury insurance premium.
	A3 Safety laws and regulations	Formal process by which the vision of an organization is carried out like operations, procedures, and oversight, among others, including safety production laws, regulations, and other standards.
B Unsafe supervision	B1 Education and training	Safety training, training result tracking.
	B2 Safety supervision, inspection, and acceptance	Safety troubleshooting program with a clear investigation of the purpose, scope, methods, and requirements; safety oversight (including all production and business related sites, environment, personnel, equipment, facilities, and activities) and methods; negligence of duty, failure to provide guidance of equipment maintenance, failure to provide skill and safety training and training track qualifications, failure to check the qualification of equipment, failure to identify existing equipment failure and error operation, and failure to initiate corrective action; regulators authorized unqualified staff for duty; authorized mission not in accordance with regulations; failure to enforce rules and regulations.
	B3 Risk monitoring	Hazard identification and safety evaluation for dangerous facilities or sites; register and archive for identified major hazards in time; taking measures to monitor major hazards; identification and appropriate control measures of existing equipment failure and error operation; planned control on change of institution, personnel, process, equipment, operating process, and environment that is permanent or temporary change.
	B4 Emergency rescue	Emergency management organization and emergency rescue team; complete emergency plan for safety production accidents; emergency facilities, equipment, supplies, and emergency drill.
	B5 Accident treatment	Deal with the accident in a timely manner; report the accident in time and save the accident evidence.
C Preconditions for unsafe acts	C1 Operating environment	Included are both the operational setting (e.g., weather, altitude, and terrain) and the ambient environment, such as heat, vibration, lighting, and toxins.
	C2 Technical measurements	Safety warning signs and safety colors complying with the requirements on equipment or workplace; safety protection measures; safety equipment and safety facilities; safety technical disclosure; compiling operating procedures instruction; the construction safety technology solutions.
	C3 Team management	Preshift meeting; predicting dangerous activities; smooth communication of personnel information (including safety management personnel, technical personnel and workers); inappropriate assignment of team members, insufficient number of team members, lack of team leader, and poor teamwork; inappropriate operation plan to the actual conditions.
	C4 Poor personal basic situation	Pathological conditions such as medical illness, physical trauma, and physical fatigue for individuals; worker’s safety awareness; personal preparation of workers (including adequate rest, sufficient training, and proper medication).
	C5 Occupational health	Timely treatment of occupational diseases.
	C6 Mechanical equipment	Performance and maintenance; temporary power in accordance with the provisions to construction safety; the design of equipment and controls, display/interface characteristics, checklist layouts, task factors, and automation.
	C7 Material	Material certificate and material testing; control material production, transport, and stacking.
D Unsafe acts of operators	D1 Perception and decision errors	Workers’ sense of physical environment and technological environment is inconsistent with reality (as visual illusion); misdiagnosed emergency and wrong response to emergency, wrong plan due to exceeding ability, improper operation and maintenance procedure, poor decision, and so forth.
	D2 Skill-based errors	Wrong operations, omitted step in procedure, and poor technique.
	D3 Violation operations	Operation and maintenance not in accordance with the standards, not qualified for mission, failure to properly prepare for work, speeding, and so forth.