Integration of Model-Based Signal Control and Queue Spillover Control for Urban Oversaturated Signalized Intersection

Table 3

Total average vehicle delay at intersection 1 with different control schemes.

Signal Control Method	Average Vehicle Delay [s]
Model-based predictive control	535.1
Adaptive signal control	525.3
Proposed method (ABC)	479.3
Proposed method (IGAABC)	464.6