SPH-Based Analysis on the Lateral Response of Pipe Culverts in the Flowing Process of Liquefied Sand

<div>Boundary conditions effect on culvert-soil systems (<i>D</i> = 3 m,<i> H/D</i> = 2.5, and<i><i> θ</i></i> = 5°): (a) moving track of culvert center; (b) lateral force on culvert; (c) lateral velocity of sand; (d) vertical velocity of sand.</div>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Figure 11

Figure 11: SPH-Based Analysis on the Lateral Response of Pipe Culverts in the Flowing Process of Liquefied Sand 