SPH-Based Analysis on the Lateral Response of Pipe Culverts in the Flowing Process of Liquefied Sand

Figure 7

Diameter effect on culvert-soil systems (without right boundary, H/D = 0.5, and θ = 0°): (a) moving track of culvert center; (b) lateral force on culvert; (c) lateral velocity of sand; (d) vertical velocity of sand.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)