Research Article
SPH-Based Analysis on the Lateral Response of Pipe Culverts in the Flowing Process of Liquefied Sand
Table 1
Particle property parameters.
| | Parameter | Value |
| | Culvert Young’s modulus, E (MPa) | 200 | | Culvert Poisson ratio, μ | 0.25 | | Porosity, n | 0.53 | | Permeability coefficients, k (m/s) | 1.0×10−7 | | Soil residual cohesion, cr | 0 | | Soil residual internal friction angle, φr (°) | 40 |
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