Modification of Vertical Earth Pressure Formulas for High Fill Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Using Experimental and Numerical Methods

Table 2

Calculation parameters.

Material	Elasticity modulus; (MPa)	Poisson’s ratio	Cohesion; (kPa)	Friction angle; (°)	Unit weight; (kN/m^3)
Backfill	5.4	0.3	31.11	28.24	17.7
Cut-and-cover tunnel	3 × 10^4	0.167	—	—	24
Foundation	50	0.25	78	32	20
Slope	4 × 10^3	0.2	—	—	22