Seismic Performance Evaluation of Typical Piers of China’s High-Speed Railway Bridge Line Using Pushover Analysis

Table 2

The damage state of the piers defined by the displacement ductility coefficient.

Damage states	Damage description of the piers	Limits
No damage	No steel bars yield, and the concrete cracks begin to occur.
Slight damage	The first steel bar begins to yield, and the concrete cracks are extended.
Moderate damage	The plastic hinges begin to form, and the concrete begins to peel off.
Severe damage	The plastic hinges are completely formed, the cracks are widely extended, and the concrete peels off at the plastic hinges.
Complete damage	The strength of the pier begins to be degraded, the reinforcements and stirrups yield, and the core concrete is crushed.