| | Gaps | Questions | Related studies |
| | Gap 1–; there is a need to focus on the future of artificial neural networks in stock market prediction models in developing countries | RQ1: to integrate the findings of the previous research in the field of artificial intelligence in stock market prediction models in different parts of the world, with more focus on the developing economies | [10, 19, 22, 26, 60, 118–131] |
| | Gap 2: there is a much wider scope in the field of artificial intelligence to implement other methodological approaches; for instance, conducting a case study or a survey or an experiment using a hybrid model can further help in the development of more generalized models of stock prediction | RQ2: to adopt other methodological approaches involving a case study, an experiment, or a survey | Experiments: [11, 29, 75, 91, 97]
Survey: [96, 114]
Case study: [91, 132–136] |
| | Gap 3: the scope of research lies in choosing the optimal algorithm as the solution. A combination of other themes may provide better insights and models for stock market prediction. | RQ3: to conduct more research using a combination of other themes for stock market prediction, also because the existing artificial neural networks have not been able to provide effective results [137] and this calls for more advanced techniques such as neuro-fuzzy methods, genetic algorithm, option pricing models, machine learning techniques, and component analysis models | Neuro-fuzzy systems: [104, 105, 138–141]
Genetic algorithm and linear representation methods: [28, 93, 142–148]
Linear regression models: [21, 116, 122, 149]
Option pricing model, machine learning techniques and hybrid combinations with neural networks: [34, 91, 150–153]
Component analysis model: [22, 46, 62, 137, 154] |
| | Gap4: more studies are required to maintain consistency throughout the time period since the inception of these three topics, viz., AI, neural networks, and stock market forecasting | RQ4: the majority of the study is concentrated on longer periods. Very few studies have conducted an experiment or a case study on the trading prices spread over the previous 6 months or less | [30, 38, 50, 75, 81, 91, 95, 98, 103, 146, 155–159] |
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