Estimation of Vehicle Carbon Emissions in China Accounting for Vertical Curve Effects

Table 6

Vehicle carbon emissions on longitudinal vertical curve sections.

---

---

^ai₁ and i₂ represent the front and back gradients of the vertical curve. ^bi represents the gradient of the longitudinal slope, the value of which is approximately equal to the average gradient of the vertical curve. The carbon emissions of vehicles on vertical curves with terminal gradients greater than the balance gradient are indicated by green shading.