Research Article

Multistep-Ahead Stock Price Forecasting Based on Secondary Decomposition Technique and Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by the Differential Evolution Algorithm

Table 3

The one-step, three-step, and five-step-ahead forecasting performance comparisons of the S&P 500 index and the HS300 index for different combined forecasting models without considering residual decomposition.

ModelS&P 500 indexHS300 index

1-step
EEMD-DE-ELM15.442110.93560.003721.316217.36720.0045
EEMD-VMD-DE-ELM5.93074.26970.001410.14217.92870.0021
VMD-DE-ELM5.62634.40770.00159.49917.46940.0019

3-step
EEMD-DE-ELM17.803413.75210.004726.467222.18470.0058
EEMD-VMD-DE-ELM9.020606.73240.002313.947110.52510.0028
VMD-DE-ELM6.564105.20420.00179.81287.69440.0020

5-step
EEMD-DE-ELM21.706414.82200.005029.315323.70530.0062
EEMD-VMD-DE-ELM12.28979.27240.003118.828614.85270.0039
VMD-DE-ELM7.79085.98850.002011.26868.90200.0023

Note. The best performance in all models.