Uncertainty Evaluation of Water Inrush in Karst Tunnels Based on Epistemic Uncertainty with Possibility Theory

<div>Bounding <svg height="12.4698pt" id="M170" style="vertical-align:-3.18147pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 38.4456 12.4698" width="38.4456pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M238 681C243 705 239 712 230 712C217 712 156 682 75 674L70 648H105C148 648 153 641 144 598L39 110C18 11 35 -12 55 -12C90 -12 166 36 221 103L205 125C174 93 130 65 118 65C112 65 108 68 114 96L238 681Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.498,0)"><path d="M300 -147C201 -63 143 98 143 270S200 602 300 686L282 710C136 610 70 450 70 271V270C70 89 136 -72 282 -170L300 -147Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.996,0)"><path d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.725,0)"><path d="M95 130C70 130 46 113 46 88C46 72 54 64 59 64C93 55 121 33 121 -3C121 -41 93 -68 44 -88L55 -117C117 -98 186 -56 186 22C186 91 131 130 95 130Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.868,0)"><path d="M391 364C391 409 353 448 295 448C249 448 198 426 152 393C65 331 23 225 23 139C23 14 96 -12 146 -12C198 -12 280 9 367 101L351 124C300 78 242 48 194 48C129 48 109 107 109 162V191C208 213 391 266 391 364ZM313 350C313 305 268 261 113 223C132 334 187 381 217 398C227 404 244 405 261 405C290 405 313 385 313 350Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.185,3.132)"><path d="M1006 650H829L492 147L357 650H174L166 618C270 609 275 601 247 502L194 315C158 189 136 127 122 96C104 56 80 37 18 32L12 0H256L263 32C181 40 176 51 183 98C188 132 197 179 226 281L299 541H301L433 6H458L809 551H811L753 141C739 41 734 39 650 32L642 0H917L923 32C836 39 827 41 839 142L887 535C896 610 901 612 997 618L1006 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.771,0)"><path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z"></path></g></svg> from above: <svg height="12.5794pt" id="M171" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 43.0213 12.5794" width="43.0213pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M238 681C243 705 239 712 230 712C217 712 156 682 75 674L70 648H105C148 648 153 641 144 598L39 110C18 11 35 -12 55 -12C90 -12 166 36 221 103L205 125C174 93 130 65 118 65C112 65 108 68 114 96L238 681Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.172,3.132)"><path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.525,3.132)"><path d="M290 377C321 398 342 415 358 430C378 450 389 473 389 502C389 578 329 635 238 635H237C184 635 137 610 109 578L64 515L88 493C112 529 154 573 208 573S303 542 303 482C303 409 233 370 141 341L149 308C165 313 190 319 215 319C272 319 341 283 341 193C342 98 292 43 222 43C163 43 122 72 96 94C88 101 79 100 70 94C61 87 47 73 46 60C44 47 48 37 62 23C76 10 118 -12 165 -12C238 -12 430 62 430 223C430 297 379 359 290 375V377Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.116,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.379,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.619,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.583,0)"><path d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"></path></g></svg> and <span class="nowrap"><svg height="12.5794pt" id="M172" style="vertical-align:-3.29107pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 43.0213 12.5794" width="43.0213pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M238 681C243 705 239 712 230 712C217 712 156 682 75 674L70 648H105C148 648 153 641 144 598L39 110C18 11 35 -12 55 -12C90 -12 166 36 221 103L205 125C174 93 130 65 118 65C112 65 108 68 114 96L238 681Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,3.172,3.132)"><path d="M460 334C460 396 434 451 378 451C330 451 241 408 148 300H146L237 679C241 697 241 710 232 710C213 710 153 684 67 675L66 646H95C141 646 145 642 134 595L39 170C23 97 31 54 46 33C64 8 100 -12 137 -12C178 -12 234 3 298 43C391 101 460 222 460 334ZM371 320C371 204 316 89 248 51C230 41 208 37 192 37C143 37 102 72 119 166C124 194 129 215 135 235C202 323 298 392 335 392C353 392 371 372 371 320Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.525,3.132)"><path d="M462 177V227H365V632H320C217 496 116 350 21 208V177H284V109C284 43 280 38 190 31V0H451V31C369 38 365 43 365 108V177H462ZM284 227H88C155 336 218 430 282 519H284V227Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,16.116,0)"><path d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.379,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.619,0)"><path d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.583,0)"><path d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"></path></g></svg>.</span></div>

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

fig8

Figure 8

Figure 8: Uncertainty Evaluation of Water Inrush in Karst Tunnels Based on Epistemic Uncertainty with Possibility Theory 