Coordination Mechanism of Supply Chain considering the Bullwhip Effect under Digital Technologies

Table 2

Model parameters and meaning.

Parameters	Definition	Remarks
	Market demand
	Amplified demand of retailer under the BWE
	Retailer’s order quantity
	Production quantity of supplier
	The unit production cost of supplier
	The unit cost of the retailer
	Additional costs of introducing DTs in the supply chain
	Retailer price
	The impact parameter of the BWE on supply chain
	Unit salvage value of unsold goods
	Expectation
	Profits
	Reservation profits
Decision variables	Definition
	The application level of DTs in the supply chain
	Revenue-sharing ratio
	Cost-sharing ratio

We use subscripts , , and to represent the retailer, supplier, and supply chain, respectively. Similarly, superscripts , , , and are used to represent the scenario of the centralized decision-making, decentralized decision-making, cost-sharing contract, and revenue-cost-sharing contract, respectively.