Simultaneity of Synchronization and Antisynchronization in a Class of Chaotic Systems

Liu, Zhi; Guo, Rongwei; Qi, Yi; Jiang, Cuimei

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3961287

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Control Problems of Nonlinear Systems with Applications 2020

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 3961287 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3961287

Simultaneity of Synchronization and Antisynchronization in a Class of Chaotic Systems

Zhi Liu,¹Rongwei Guo,²Yi Qi,³and Cuimei Jiang²

Academic Editor: Alessio Gizzi

Received11 Apr 2020

Revised26 Jun 2020

Accepted02 Jul 2020

Published22 Jul 2020

Abstract

In this paper, a new synchronization phenomenon, that is, the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization, is investigated for a class of chaotic systems. First, for a given chaotic system, necessary and sufficient conditions for the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization are proved. Then, based on these conditions, all solutions of such synchronization phenomenon for a given chaotic system are derived. After that, physical controllers that are not only simple but also implementable are designed to realize the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization in the above system. Finally, illustrative examples based on numerical simulations are used to verify the validity and effectiveness of the above theoretical results.

1. Introduction

Lorenz firstly proposed the famous Lorenz chaotic system in 1963. From then on, many researchers are stimulated to investigate the chaotic phenomena, and lots of chaotic systems and hyperchaotic systems are obtained. Since Pecora and Carroll first proposed the chaos synchronization method [1], meanwhile Ott et al. first obtained the chaos control method [2] in 1990, chaotic systems and their control problems have attracted significant attention and have been investigated extensively [3–17]. However, most of the existing works focus on investigating the same kind of synchronization in a given system, i.e., all the states of the master system have the same kind of synchronization with the corresponding states of the slave system. For example, when two systems are referred to as completely synchronized with each other, it means that each pair of the states between the interactive systems is completely synchronous.

In general, coexistence problem is very common, see [18–22] and the references therein. Recently, a new synchronization phenomenon, that is, the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization, was firstly found in the generalized Lorenz system [23]. In this system, the variables of the master system antisynchronize the variables of the slave system, while the variable of the master system synchronizes the variable of the slave system. This new synchronization phenomenon is very interesting not only in applications but also in theory. The existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization problem is a basis for designing a physical controller. Zhang et al. [23] found this new synchronization phenomenon, but they did not address some critical theoretical questions. For instance, for a given chaotic system, how to prove the existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization? In addition, if such new synchronization phenomenon exists, how many solutions can be derived. Therefore, for a given chaotic system, it is critical to have a systematic method that can be used for proving the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization, deriving all solutions for this type of synchronization phenomenon and then designing the corresponding physical controller. To address this critical problem, this study is to develop such a systematic method that can be applied to a class of chaotic systems.

To realize the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization in a chaotic system, many methods can be used, including the linear feedback control method, nonlinear feedback control method, and dynamic feedback control method. Among those methods, the dynamic feedback control method has been widely applied and was adopted by this study.

In this paper, we investigated the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization problem in a class of chaotic systems by using the dynamic feedback control method. At first, the existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization problem of such system is proved. Then, physical controllers were designed to realize the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization in such system. After that, numerical simulations were conducted to verify the validity and correctness of the obtained theoretical results.

2. Preliminary

Consider the following chaotic system:where is the state, is a continuous vector function, i.e.,, , .

For system (1), the slave system can be described aswhere is the state, is a continuous vector function, is a constant matrix, , and is the controller to be designed, i.e.,where , , .

Let and , then the sum and error system can be described as follows:where is the state:where is given by equation (4).

Next, a definition is presented as follows.

Definition 1. Consider the sum system (9) and the error system (10). If and , then the master system (1) and the slave system (3) are called to achieve the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization.
To present the proposed method, a lemma is introduced at first.

Lemma 1. (see [17]). Consider the following system:where is the state, is a vector function, is a constant matrix, , and is the controller to be designed. If can be stabilized, then a dynamic feedback controller is designed as follows:where , and the feedback gain is updated by the following law:

3. Problem Formulation

Consider the following chaotic system:where is the state and is a vector function.

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization for the given chaotic system (14) in the following three aspects:(1)The existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization.(2)The solutions of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization for this chaotic system.(3)The implementation of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization. A simple and physically implementable controller is designed for such a problem.

4. Main Result

4.1. Existence of the Simultaneity of Synchronization and Antisynchronization

In this section, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization are proved for two given chaotic systems.

Theorem 1. Consider the chaotic system (1). Its existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization can be realized by the controllers in the following form:if and only if

Proof (necessity). According to the nonlinear control theorem, and should be the equilibria of the following systems:respectively.
It results ini.e., equations (16) and (17) hold.

Proof (sufficiency). If equations (16) and (17) hold, which implies that and are the equilibria of systems (18) and (19), respectively. Thus, the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization for the given chaotic system can be realized by the controller given in equation (15).
Especially, ifwhere , system (1) becomesand the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization of system (22) holds.

Theorem 2. Consider the chaotic system (14). Its existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization if and only the following algebraic equation about has a solution in the following form:where is the number of , , and is given as follows:

Proof. For system (14), the uncontrolled slave system is given aswhere is the state.
Let , where is given in (25), then the sum and error system iswhere is the state.
Then, the existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization in system (14) if and only if is the equilibrium point of system (28), i.e.,which completes the proof.

4.2. Solutions of the Simultaneity of Synchronization and Antisynchronization

We can obtain all solutions of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization in the given chaotic system (14) by solving equation (23).

After proving the existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization in a given chaotic system (1), the question about how to find a nonsingular transformation matrix to transfer system (14) into system (1) will be raised naturally.

In general, according to the solutions of the algebraic equation (23), we can find the matrix by the following algorithm:

Algorithm 1. ; let be the number of ,while doThen, letNext,while doThen, letBy Algorithm 1, the nonsingular transform matrix can be obtained as follows:where , .
For example, for the chaotic system, , , and . If , then , , , and . By Algorithm 1, we obtainBy , the system is transferred into the following system:

4.3. Implementation of the Simultaneity of Synchronization and Antisynchronization

In this section, a simple and physically implementable controller is designed for the implementation of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization.

According to the results in [16], we propose the following theorem.

Theorem 3. Consider the sum system (9) and error system (10).
If can be stabilized, then the controller is designed as follows:where , and is updated by the following update law:and , which implies that the master system (1) and the slave system (3) reach the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization.

Proof. Since can be stabilized, according to Lemma 1, the controller is designed as equation (44).

5. Illustrative Examples Based on Numerical Simulations

In this section, two examples based on numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the derived theoretical results.

Example 1. The Lorenz system [24]:According to the algebraic equation (24),and it results inBy solving equation (48), a solo solution can be obtained:By Algorithm 1, it results inThus, let ; the Lorenz system (46) is rewritten as follows:Then, the slave Lorenz system is given asLet ; then, the sum and error system is given aswhere is given by equation (60) and is the controller to be designed.
Considering the following uncontrolled sum and error system,if , then the following systemis globally asymptotically stable.
Thus, can be stabilized, and according to Theorem 3, the controller is designed asand .
To demonstrate the validity and correctness of the derived theoretical results, numerical simulation is conducted by setting the following initial conditions: , , , and . Figure 1 shows that the sum and error system is asymptotically stable; Figure 2 shows that the states of the master system (49) and the controlled slave system (53), respectively. Figure 3 shows that the feedback gain tends to a constant.

Example 2. The Chen–Lee system [25]:where is the state and is a continuous vector function.
According to the algebraic equation (23), it results inThere are three solutions for equation (68), i.e.,For the solution given in equation (69), .
By Algorithm 1, it results inThus, let , ; then, the Chen–Lee system (67) is rewritten as follows:and .
Next, the slave Chen–Lee system is given asand ; the controller is designed as follows:and .
Similarly, for this example, numerical simulation is conducted by setting following initial conditions: , , , and . Figure 4 shows that the sum and error system is asymptotically stable; Figure 5 shows the states and , respectively. Figure 6 shows that the feedback gain tends to a constant.
For solutions given in equations (70) and (71), similar results can be obtained by the same procedure:

6. Conclusions

In this paper, we investigated a new synchronization phenomenon that is the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization for a class of chaotic systems. We developed a systematic method that can be used for proving the existence of the simultaneity of synchronization and antisynchronization, deriving all solutions for this type of synchronization phenomenon and then designing the corresponding physical controllers. To verify the validity and effectiveness of the theoretical results, two illustrative examples based on numerical simulations were provided.

In the future, microcontroller-based applications and predefined-time chaos synchronization problem need to be developed based on the results of this study.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study. In our paper, we only use MATLAB for simulation. Therefore, we can only provide simulation programming, which can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the Shandong Province Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2019GGX101056), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No. ZR2018MF016).

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Copyright

Copyright © 2020 Zhi Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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