Reducing the Collision Damage Done to the Tips of Steel Needles during Integrated Piercing by Using Shape Optimization with Feature Selection

Table 8

Example parameters.

Parameter	Meaning	Value
E	Elastic modulus of steel needle	2.11 × 10^11 Pa
m	Exponent in power function of tip shape curve	2
L1	Tip length	5 × 10^−3 m
x	Distance between fiber and tip	L1