Does Foreign Direct Investment Impact Energy Intensity? Evidence from Developing Countries
Table 9
Coefficient estimation of the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model: industrial structure.
BRICS
Non-BRICS
Linear
Nonlinear
Linear
Nonlinear
FDI
0.156 (0.483)
−14.544 (−1.935)
−0.040 (−0.274)
−0.190 (−0.906)
Inno
0.006 (0.369)
0.858 (2.659)
−0.004 (−0.755)
0.031 (3.769)
LnperGDP
−0.285 (−10.346)
0.210 (0.361)
−0.102 (−7.786)
−0.011 (−1.694)
Trade
0.099 (1.992)
1.231 (1.698)
0.063 (2.655)
−0.037 (−1.135)
Indus
−0.002 (−0.005)
−11.796 (−1.722)
−0.512 (−6.034)
0.391 (3.443)
Ener
0.252 (1.396)
−2.649 (−1.191)
0.188 (3.087)
−0.422 (−7.492)
Location parameters C
0.604
0.361
Slope parameters
14.060
67.663
AIC criterion
−7.259
−7.498
BIC criterion
−6.915
−7.296
Notes. t-Statistics are shown in parentheses after the estimated coefficients. ,, and denote statistical significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively. γ is the slope parameter (smooth parameter or transition speed).
