Abstract
The variable-speed generator motor (VSGM) for pumped storage has a cylindrical rotor with three-phase lap or wave windings distributed in slots evenly and fed by a converter. For a large-scale VSGM, the electromagnetic force (EMF) on rotor end windings is an important contributor to distortion, vibration, and even damage of rotor end windings. A 3D finite element model of rotor end region of a 300 MW VSGM is set up. The distribution map of EMF density on involute and nose parts of rotor end windings, under rated load and three-phase short circuit at supersynchronous and subsynchronous speed, is drawn. Furthermore, the amplitude of EMF is calculated, and the radial, tangential, and axial components of EMF are analyzed. The results in this paper will lay a foundation for design of rotor end windings and their support structure.
1. Introduction
Variable-speed generator motor (VSGM) has been preferred in pumped storage units since the early 1980s [1, 2]. Different from fixed speed generator motor (FSGM), the rotor winding of VSGM is a double-layer winding which is excited by alternating current and distributed evenly in rotor slots. Variable-speed generator motor (VSGM) for pumped storage can offer many advantages, both to the power system and to the hydropower station, as follows: (1) Balance the load of the power system by adjusting pumping power and hence contributing to frequency regulation [3]. (2) Provide grid supports in disturbances by injecting instantaneous power to the grid and hence contributing to spinning reserve reduction [4]. (3) Control the active and reactive power of grid as desired and independently of each other to satisfy the demands of the grid [5]. (4) The speed variation is about 10%, which corresponds to a power variation of 30% [6, 7]. (5) Optimize the hydraulic performance even in the case of large head and discharge variation, which allows a great hydraulic efficiency improvement. In addition, hazardous operating zones can be avoided and variation and cavitation problems can be reduced. (6) Additional equipment for pumping startup, such as frequency converters feeding stator winding or another hydropower unit for back-to-back starting, is no need. (7) The power of frequency converter is not a full-rated power but a slip power, which makes the size of the converter small considerably.
For a large-scale VSGM, the rotor winding consists of Roebel bar and its end part is divided into three parts: the line part outside the slot, the involute part, and the nose part, which is similar to the structure of stator winding. During operation, the electromagnetic force (EMF) is produced on end windings due to interaction between currents and electromagnetic fields, which will cause vibration and deformation of end windings. Especially under the short-circuit condition, large short-circuit current will produce strong EMF, causing fatigue and damage of end windings and shortening the life of rotor windings.
The analysis of EMF on rotor end windings of VSGM is crucial to design of rotor end windings and their support structure. Recently, the analysis and calculation of EMF on rotor end windings of VSGM have not been presented in paper, which mainly focus on stator end windings of turbo generator. Due to the structural similarity between rotor winding and stator winding, these methods can be used for reference. In [8, 9], a three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic model of the stator end region of a 600 MW turbo generator was set up to calculate EMF under rated steady-state and fault conditions, and a 3D mechanical model was built to analyze displacements using the EMF as an input. Kim et al. calculated the EMF on stator end windings of a 900 kW, 6.6 kV, 4-pole high-voltage induction motor and analyzed the distribution of EMF by segmenting one end winding with 39 parts [10]. A 3D finite element analysis of magnetic forces on stator end windings of a 1250 kW, 6-pole squirrel-cage induction machine was carried out in [11] by using a 1/12 machine model. Albanese et al. proposed a 3D numerical calculation of EMF on the end windings of large turbo generators [12], based on an integral formulation for nonlinear magnetostatic problems. In [13], a 3D electromagnetic model of the end region of a 600 MW, 2-pole turbo-generator was set up, the EMF and deformation of stator end windings under rated load and three-phase short circuit were analyzed, and furthermore, based on [14], the influence of structural and material parameters of the end winding on its dynamic responses was investigated, and an optimal scheme for the design of the turbo generator stator end winding was proposed. A 1550 MW nuclear generator was focused in [15, 16], and phase A of stator winding was selected to analyze EMF, due to the symmetry of the generator. The EMF on involute and nose parts of stator end winding under a rated operation was calculated in [15], and the influence of the rotor’s relative length and stator coil’s linear length on EMF was summarized. In [16], the EMF on the involute part at both rated and leading phase operation was discussed in detail. A comprehensive analysis on the transient EMF of stator windings of a QFSN-600-2YHG type turbo generator was presented in [17], which investigated not only the distribution regularities of EMF and EMF density but also EMF harmonic characteristics and the mechanical responses.
This paper presents a 3D electromagnetic model of the end region of a 300 MW VSGM. The electromagnetic force on rotor end windings is investigated, under rated load and three-phase short circuit at supersynchronous and subsynchronous speed. The distribution regularities of EMF density on involute and nose parts of rotor end windings are predicted, and furthermore, the amplitude of EMF is calculated and the variation of radial, tangential, and axial components of EMF is discussed. Conclusions that can be beneficial for the design of rotor end windings and their support structure are drawn.
2. Analysis of EMF on Rotor End Windings under Rated Load
2.1. 3D Electromagnetic Model
A 300 MW VSGM is studied, and its parameters are listed in Table 1. Due to the structural symmetry, the 3D electromagnetic model is only 1/7 (one pole-pair) of the end region, which can also save the calculating memory, as shown in Figure 1.
During investigation, the subsynchronous speed is set to 407.17 r/min (i.e., negative slip is ±5%) and the supersynchronous speed is set to 450.03 r/min (i.e., positive slip is 5%). The short-circuit current factor (the ratio between maximum peak value of short-circuit current and peak value of rated current) is 13.69 at subsynchronous speed and 13.46 at supersynchronous speed.
2.2. At Subsynchronous Speed
Figure 2 is the distribution of magnetic flux density on the end region, which shows that the maximum value is 0.1468 T.
Figure 3 is the distribution of EMF density on rotor end windings of U phase.
(a)
(b)
As can be seen, the maximum EMF density is on the nose part of rotor end windings, and the value is 8.43 × 105 N/m3. The EMF density distributes uniformly on the involute part and is perpendicular to the surface.
The amplitude of EMF on rotor end windings is shown in Figure 4, and variations of radial, tangential, and axial components (r, φ and z) of EMF are also presented. As rotor windings are interchangeable with each other, we present the change tendency for just one winding.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
It can be seen that the amplitude of EMF on rotor end windings is about 0.4 kN, and its variation is periodic and the frequency is 2 times of excitation frequency (the excitation frequency is 2.5 Hz, and the frequency of EMF amplitude variation is 5 Hz). Meanwhile, Figure 4 reflects the distribution of radial, tangential, and axial components of EMF. Peaks of three components are 0.39 kN, 0.377 kN, and 0.144 kN, respectively. The radial and tangential components are larger than the axial components. Furthermore, according to Figures 4(b) and 4(c), when the radial component of EMF is the maximum, the tangential component is close to zero. The radial and tangential components vary without apparent periodicity.
2.3. At Supersynchronous Speed
Compared to the case with subsynchronous speed, there is no appreciable distinction about the amplitude of stator and rotor current at supersynchronous speed, except that the phase of rotor current is opposite. Therefore, only the amplitude of EMF on rotor end windings is presented in this case, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5 indicates that the amplitude of EMF on the rotor end windings is about 0.413 kN, which is larger slightly than the value in the case of sub synchronous speed shown in Figure 4, and its variation is periodic with frequency 5 Hz.
3. Analysis of EMF on Rotor End Windings under Three-Phase Short Circuit
3.1. At Subsynchronous Speed
During short circuit, the current is much larger than rated current, leading to a higher flux density, and the maximum value is up to 2.04 T, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 7 is the distribution of EMF density on rotor end windings of U phase under short circuit.
It is shown that the maximum EMF density is still on the nose part of rotor end windings as presented in Figure 3, the value is 2.36 × 108 N/m3, and the minimum value is 2.85 × 105 N/m3. The distribution regularity of EMF density is the same as that obtained in the rated load case; however, the value is much larger, since the short-circuit current is very large.
The amplitude of EMF on rotor end windings is shown in Figure 8, and each curve shows the variation of EMF amplitude on each end winding.
Figure 8 indicates that the EMF on rotor end windings is increased greatly, compared to the EMF in rated load case, and the amplitude is up to 94.1 kN. The variation of EMF amplitude is periodic, and the frequency is 50 Hz, which is different to the variation shown in Figure 4.
3.2. At Supersynchronous Speed
Figure 9 reflects the variation of EMF amplitude on rotor end windings at supersynchronous speed, in which each curve shows the variation of EMF amplitude on each end winding.
The conclusion can be drawn from Figure 9 that the amplitude of EMF under short circuit at supersynchronous speed is about 89.1 kN, which is smaller than the value shown in Figure 8, and similarly, it varies periodically with frequency 50 Hz.
According to Figures 4, 5, 8, and 9, the location with the maximum EMF is the nose part of rotor end windings. The EMF is much larger on short-circuit condition than that on rated case, as a very large short-circuit current. During rated condition, the variation of EMF is periodic and the frequency is 2 times that of excitation frequency, i.e., 5 Hz, while during short-circuit condition, the frequency is 50 Hz, which is the same as the power frequency.
4. Conclusions
The electromagnetic force on rotor end windings of a 300 MW, 428.6 ± 5% r/min, variable-speed generator motor for pumped storage is investigated. Based on the 3D electromagnetic model of the end region, the distribution of EMF density and the variation of EMF amplitude and radial, tangential, and axial components (r, φ, and z) are analyzed under rated load and three-phase short circuit at subsynchronous speed (407.17 r/min) and supersynchronous speed (450.03 r/min). It is concluded as follows:(1)For all cases studied, the maximum EMF density is on the nose part of rotor end windings, and the EMF density distributes uniformly on the involute part and is perpendicular to the surface.(2)During rated load, the amplitude of EMF is about 0.4 kN at the subsynchronous speed and 0.413 kN at the supersynchronous speed. The variation is periodic, and the frequency is 2 times that of excitation frequency (the excitation frequency is 2.5 Hz, and the frequency of EMF amplitude variation is 5 Hz).(3)During three-phase short circuit, the amplitude of EMF is about 94.1 kN at the subsynchronous speed and 89.1 kN at the supersynchronous speed. The variation is periodic with frequency 50 Hz.(4)The EMF is one of the important constituents of force on rotor end windings, which may cause distortion, vibration, and even damage of rotor end windings. In order to avoid these problems and improve strength and stiffness of rotor end windings, some necessary measures, such as clamping bolt, U-type bolt, and end cap, must be taken. Conclusions drawn from this investigation will be beneficial for the material selection and structure design of rotor end windings and their support of large-scale VSGM.
Data Availability
The authors declare that the data are available by contacting through the following email: [email protected].
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.