Research Article
Impacts of Voice and Accountability upon Innovation in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL and Maki Cointegration Approaches
Table 3
Results of ADF, PP, DF-GLS, and KPSS unit root analysis.
| | ADF | PP | DF-GLS | KPSS | ADF | PP | DF-GLS | KPSS | Level | First difference | Trend + intercept | Trend + intercept |
| Variables | T-stat | T-stat | T-stat | LM-stat | T-stat | T-stat | T-stat | LM-stat |
| INN | −1.552 | −2.321 | −1.614 | 0.155 | −7.170 | −4.733 | −3.386 | 0.046 | VAA | −2.844 | −2.380 | −2.858 | 0.184 | −3.583 | −4.340 | −3.726 | 0.072 | TSM | −1.432 | −0.460 | −1.720 | 0.300 | −3.695 | −4.408 | −3.308 | 0.065 | INF | −1.986 | −1.522 | −2.044 | 0.296 | −3.482 | −4.380 | −3.162 | 0.077 | SAV | −2.228 | −1.847 | −1.989 | 0.207 | −4.183 | −3.922 | −4.261 | 0.113 |
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Note. and Significant levels at 5% and 1%. |