The Analysis on Seepage Field of Grouted and Shotcrete Lined Underwater Tunnel

Table 1

Approximation solutions of groundwater inflow into unlined nongrouting tunnel.

Literature	Formula	Description
Harr [1]		Initial water level, deep tunnels, homogeneous, isotropic, and semi-infinite aquifer
Goodman [3]		Initial water level, deep tunnels, homogeneous, isotropic, and semi-infinite aquifer
Zhang and Franklin [4]		Initial water level, varying hydraulic conductivity of medium in jointed rock deep tunnels
Kolymbas and Wagner [2, 7]		Initial water level, for both deep and shallow tunnels
El Tani [5]		Initial water level, tunnels of circular, elliptical, or square cross sections, nonhomogeneous aquifer
Karlsrud (2001)		Initial water level, tunnel, homogeneous, isotropic, and semi-infinite aquifer
Fernandez and Moon [12]	(shallow tunnel)	Lowered water level, using permeability reduction of medium, for both deep and shallow tunnels
	(deep tunnel)