Vibration Analysis of Piezoelectric Composite Plate Resting on Nonlinear Elastic Foundations Using Sinc and Discrete Singular Convolution Differential Quadrature Techniques

Ragb, Ola; Salah, Mohamed; Matbuly, M. S.; Amer, R. B. M.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7592302

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 7592302 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7592302

Vibration Analysis of Piezoelectric Composite Plate Resting on Nonlinear Elastic Foundations Using Sinc and Discrete Singular Convolution Differential Quadrature Techniques

Ola Ragb,¹Mohamed Salah,¹M. S. Matbuly,¹and R. B. M. Amer¹

Academic Editor: Pietro Bia

Received10 Apr 2020

Accepted25 May 2020

Published15 Jul 2020

Abstract

In this work, free vibration of the piezoelectric composite plate resting on nonlinear elastic foundations is examined. The three-dimensionality of elasticity theory and piezoelectricity is used to derive the governing equation of motion. By implementing two differential quadrature schemes and applying different boundary conditions, the problem is converted to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. The perturbation method and iterative quadrature formula are used to solve the obtained equation. Numerical analysis of the proposed schemes is introduced to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the obtained results. The obtained results are compared with available results in the literature, showing excellent agreement. Additionally, the proposed schemes have higher efficiency than previous schemes. Furthermore, a parametric study is introduced to investigate the effect of elastic foundation parameters, different materials of sensors and actuators, and elastic and geometric characteristics of the composite plate on the natural frequencies and mode shapes.

1. Introduction

The increase in the use of piezoelectric composite materials resting on elastic foundation structures, especially in aerospace, automotive, and marine environments, leads to the rise of difficulties in nonlinear vibrations in various modern engineering challenges. The elastic foundations play an important role that preserve the structural system under oscillations and avoid mechanical failures. The main role of nonlinear foundations is developing the accuracy of the model to describe the behavior of our system. The cubic nonlinearity is the most common type used in recent research [1–8].

Due to the mathematical complexity of such problems, only limited cases can analytically be solved. A number of exact methods of the vibration problems on elastic foundations are issued in [9–14]. Literature on the numerical solution of the research subject is sparse. Typical useful numerical methods, such as the finite element [15–17], the boundary element [18], differential quadrature [19], and state space [20, 21] techniques, are used to solve such problems. One of the disadvantages of these methods is consuming too much time and effort to get the solution [22–26]. Additionally, there is no research in piezoelectric composite plate resting on nonlinear elastic foundations, whether analytically or numerically.

The sinc differential quadrature method (SDQM) [27–32] and the discrete singular convolution differential quadrature method (DSCDQM) [33–42] are more reliable than the polynomial-based DQM. The nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced to linear equations using perturbation [43] and iterative quadrature methods [44]. Previous DQ techniques are then employed to reduce the problem to the eigenvalue or bending problem. The same schemes are used for free vibration analysis of piezoelectric nanobeams [45, 46]. Recent studies have investigated the vibration analysis of composite plate resting on elastic foundations, using DSCDQM [47–58].

As far as the authors are aware, SDQM and DSCDQM have not been examined for vibration analysis of composite piezoelectric plate materials resting on nonlinear elastic foundations. Based on these versions, numerical schemes are designed for free vibration of piezoelectric composites. The natural frequencies are obtained and compared with previous analytical and numerical frequencies. For each scheme, the convergence and efficiency are verified. Additionally, a parametric study is introduced to investigate the influence of elastic foundation parameters and elastic and geometric characteristics of the composite on the vibrated results.

2. Formulation of the Problem

Consider a three-dimensional piezoelectric composite with , where a, b, and h are the length, width, and total thickness of the composite, respectively. This composite is polarized in the z direction and consists of m layers with different types of materials. The plate rests on a three-parameter foundation model, as shown in Figure 1.

Based on the theory of elasticity and piezoelectricity, the equations of motion and the charge equation of electrostatic can be written as follows [59, 65–69]:where , , and are the stresses, displacement, and induction field in the x, y, and z directions, respectively; are the shear stresses; is the density of the material; and (k₁, k₂, k₃) are linear Winkler foundation, linear Pasternak foundation, and nonlinear Winkler foundation parameters, respectively.

The relation between mechanical and electric material properties is constitutive equations, which can be written as follows:where C, e, and are the components of the effective elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants of the same piezoelectric material, respectively, and is the electric potential.

For harmonic behavior, one can assume thatwhere ω is the natural frequency of the plate and . are the amplitudes for , and , respectively.

The elastic material constants can be determined as follows, using the reciprocal theorem [41]:where E_p, G_pq, and (p, q = 1, 2, 3) are Young’s moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson’s ratios.

The isotropic material constants can be expressed as follows [56]:

Substituting equations (5)–(16) into (1)–(4), the problem can be reduced to a quasistatic one, as follows:

The boundary conditions can be described as follows:(1)For a simply supported edge (S):(2)For a clamped edge (C):(3)For a free edge (F):

Mechanical and electrical boundary conditions at the lower and upper surfaces of the composite are as follows:

To ensure the continuity between electric and elastic layers, the following conditions can be considered:

Additionally, the continuity conditions between different elastic materials are as follows:

3. Method of Solution

Two differential quadrature techniques are employed to reduce the governing equations into a nonlinear eigenvalue problem, as follows.

3.1. Sinc Differential Quadrature Method (SDQM)

A cardinal sine function is used as a shape function, such that the unknown ψ and its derivatives can be approximated as a weighted linear sum of nodal values, ψ_i, (i = −N, N), as follows [27–32]:where ψ denotes , and ; N is the number of grid points; and h_x is the grid size. The weighting coefficients, and , can be determined by differentiating (28) as follows:

3.2. Discrete Singular Convolution Differential Quadrature Method (DSCDQM)

A singular convolution can be defined as follows [33–42]:where is a singular kernel.

The DSC algorithm can be applied using many types of kernels. These kernels are applied as shape functions, such that the unknown ψ and its derivatives are approximated as a weighted linear sum of ψ_i, (i = −N, N) over a narrow bandwidth () [33–37].

Two kernels of DSC will be employed as follows:(a)A Delta Lagrange kernel (DLK) can be used as a shape function, such that the unknown ψ and its derivatives can be approximated as a weighted linear sum of nodal values, ψ_i, (i = −N, N), as follows:where 2M + 1 is the effective computational bandwidth. are defined as follows:(b)A regularized Shannon kernel (RSK) can also be used as a shape function, such that the unknown ψ and its derivatives can be approximated as a weighted linear sum of nodal values, ψ_i, (i = −N, N), as follows:where σ is a regularization parameter and r is a computational parameter. The weighting coefficients and can be defined as follows [33–42]:

Similarly, one can approximate , and calculate , . Two methods are used to transform the governing equation to linear equations.

3.2.1. Perturbation Method

Assuming the solution of equations (17)–(27) to be a power series that can be solved by a perturbation method of the second order [43] by substituting into (17)–(27) and equating the terms with the identical powers of , where is a perturbation parameter:

Equate the terms of in (39)–(42):

The previous system is an eigenvalue problem, which is solved to obtain the natural frequencies and the bending deflection W₀.

Equate the terms of in (39)–(42):

The previous system is a bending problem, which is solved to obtain W₁.

Equate the terms of in (39)–(42):

The previous system is a bending problem, which is solved to obtain W₂.

Finally, the series solution can be written as follows:

The convergence condition [43] due to the perturbation method is set as follows:

3.2.2. Iterative Quadrature

We solved the following iterative system:

To get , we solved the following eigenvalue problem:

The boundary conditions (21)–(27) can also be approximated using two DQMs as follows:(1)Simply supported (S):(2)Clamped (C):(3)Free surface (F):

Mechanical and electrical boundary conditions at the lower and upper surfaces of the composite are as follows:

The continuity conditions between the interfaces of layers can be assumed as follows:

We have solved the generalized eigenvalue problem [65]:where K is the coefficient matrix of the previous system, M is the mass matrix and can be diagonal with 0 diagonal elements, and is the free vibration frequencies squared.

For nontrivial solutions for (70), the following determinant should be 0:

Equation (71) gives the natural frequencies for the composite plate.

4. Numerical Results

The present numerical results demonstrate the convergence and efficiency of each one of the proposed schemes for vibration analysis of the piezoelectric composite plate Al/Al₂O₃ resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation. For all results, the boundary conditions (65)–(69) are augmented in the governing equations (39)–(42).

For practical purposes, the field quantities are normalized as follows:where are the normalized amplitudes of displacements, are the normalized amplitudes of stresses, are the normalized amplitudes of shear stresses, are the thicknesses of the actuator and sensor, and are the flexural rigidity for the bottom layer of composite and the equivalent dimensionless elastic foundation constants.

The computational characteristics of each scheme are adapted to reach accurate results with error of order ≤10⁻⁸. The obtained dimensionless frequencies , , and are evaluated as follows: , where and are the density and Young’s modulus, respectively.

For the present results, material parameters for the composite are listed in Table 1.

For the sinc DQ scheme, the problem is solved over a regular grid, ranging from 3 × 5 × 5 to 11 × 5 × 5. Table 2 shows the convergence of the obtained results for the isotropic plate, which is in agreement with the exact results in [68] over grid size ≥7 × 5 × 5.

For DSCDQ scheme based on Delta Lagrange kernel, the problem is also solved over a uniform grid ranging from 3 × 5 × 5 to 11 × 5 × 5. The bandwidth 2M + 1 ranges from 3 to 11.

Table 3 shows the convergence of the obtained fundamental frequency, which is in agreement with the exact results in [68] over grid size ≥7 × 5 × 5 and bandwidth ≥5. Table 4 shows that the obtained results are more accurate than those obtained using approximated theories [60, 69]. This table also shows that the execution time of DSCDQM-DLK was less than that of sinc DQM.

For the DSCDQ scheme based on the regularized Shannon kernel (RSK), the problem was also solved over a uniform grid ranging from 3 × 5 × 5 to 9 × 5 × 5. The bandwidth 2M + 1 ranged from 3 to 11 and the regularization parameter σ = r h_x ranged from 1.0 h_x to 2.3 h_x, where h_x = 1/N − 1. Table 5 shows the convergence of the obtained fundamental frequency to the exact results in [68] over grid size ≥5 × 5 × 5, bandwidth ≥3, and regularization parameter σ = 1.9 h_x.

Table 6 shows that the obtained results from DQ schemes were more accurate than other models in the literature [60, 69]. Further, the execution time of this scheme is the least. Therefore, the DSCDQM-RSK scheme is the best choice among the examined quadrature schemes for vibration analysis of piezoelectric composite materials resting on nonlinear elastic foundations. Furthermore, a parametric study is introduced to investigate the influence of foundation parameters, elastic and geometric characteristics of the composite, and types of material on the values of natural frequencies and mode shapes. Tables 7 and 8 show the natural frequency for isotropic plates. These tables show the effect of elastic foundation parameters on the frequency for different boundary conditions. The natural frequency increased with the increase in foundation parameters and . Additionally, the SCSC plate had the highest frequency and the SSSF had the lowest frequency. Moreover, the efficiency of the nonlinear treatment methods was investigated. The execution time for the iterative quadrature method was less than the perturbation method, with a factor close to 1.5 until 1.9 for all boundary conditions used in Table 8.

Tables 8–10 and Figures 2–5 show that the natural frequencies increase with increasing side-to-thickness ratio (a/h), foundation parameters , total thickness, Young’s modulus gradation ratio (E₁/E₂), shear modulus gradation ratio (G₁₃/G₁₂), and number of layers. The natural frequencies converge at a total thickness (h = 0.075) in the CCCC plate and a total thickness (h = 0.035) in the SSSSS plate, as shown in Tables 10 and 11. Figure 6 shows the natural frequencies decrease with the decrease of the piezoelectric layer thickness (h_c/h_p).

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Furthermore, Figure 7 shows that the natural frequencies decreased with an increase in the aspect ratio (a/b) at different values (a/h). Moreover, the natural frequencies remained constant when h_c/h_p > 20 in all different edge conditions. Figures 2, 3, and 8 show the effect of the material type on the natural frequency. It can be seen that the sensor was more significant than the actuators. The natural frequency was almost unchanged when a/h > 40. Additionally, the influence of the BaTiO₃ material was more affected by the natural frequencies than the PZT-4 material. Furthermore, Figures 9–12 show the first three mode shapes of normalized transverse displacement () and electric potential (). From the previous figures, it can be seen that the normalized transverse displacement was at a maximum for the CCCF plate and was at a minimum for the CCCC plate. Additionally, the electric potential was at a maximum for the CCCF plate and at a minimum for the CSCS plate. Furthermore, the previous figures show that the amplitude of displacement and electric potential increased with the increase of the nonlinear Winkler parameter .

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5. Conclusions

Accurate quadrature schemes have been applied for free vibration analysis of piezoelectric composite plates with and without nonlinear elastic foundations for different types of boundary conditions. Numerical results were given to demonstrate the convergence, accuracy, and efficiency of the present methods. A MATLAB program was designed for each one, such that the maximum error (comparing with the previous exact results) was ≤10⁻⁸. Additionally, the execution time for each scheme was determined. It is concluded that the convergence speed for the discrete singular convolution differential quadrature method based on regularized Shannon kernel (DSCDQM-RSK) with grid size ≥5 × 5 × 5, bandwidth 2M + 1 ≥ 3, and regularization parameter σ = 1.9 h_x is very fast and has the best accurate efficient results for the concerned problem (three-layered piezoelectric composite with total thickness = 0.075 in the CCCC plate and h = 0.035 in the SSSS plate). The efficiency of the iterative quadrature method is better than the perturbation technique. The influences of linear and nonlinear elastic foundation on the natural frequency and higher modes of frequency are investigated. The effect of the Pasternak parameter is larger than the effect of the linear and nonlinear Winkler coefficients on the natural frequencies. The natural frequency does not change when varying the nonlinear Winkler parameter. Additionally, the natural frequency converges at a larger value of the linear Winkler parameter. A parametric study is also introduced to investigate the influence of elastic and geometric characteristics of the composite and types of materials of the vibrated plate on the results. The nondimensional frequency for the material type BaTiO₃ is larger than that for the PZT-4 material. Further, the natural frequency decreases with the decrease in the thickness of the piezo material or with the increase in the composite thickness until the value of ratio h_c/h_p closes to 10, so the natural frequency remains constant. The thinner composite has frequencies larger than thick composite. The composite plate with CCCC conditions has the minimum normalized transverse displacement, whereas it has the maximum value for CCCF conditions. Additionally, the electric potential is the maximum for the CCCF plate and has a minimum value for the CSCS plate. Moreover, the vertical displacement increases slightly when enlarging the nonlinear parameter. Finally, the aim is for these results to be useful for modern engineering smart structures.

Data Availability

The data in this paper are all open, and the data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Copyright © 2020 Ola Ragb et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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