Abstract
This study investigates the impact of China’s Green Credit Guidelines on the technological innovations of heavily polluting enterprises. This study uses data obtained from the CSMAR database (2007–2018) and China Marketization Index Report by Province 2018 and uses the Green Credit Guidelines as a quasi-natural experiment. The sample was divided into an experimental group and a control group; the experimental group disclosed environmental and sustainable development information, while the control group did not. This study’s primary finding is that the Green Credit Guidelines can improve the level of technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises and have a greater impact in areas with high levels of marketization, indicating that the Green Credit Guidelines have a positive effect on the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. This provides China with an experience constructing relevant policies and regulations and provides empirical evidence regarding the technological innovations of heavily polluting enterprises from the perspective of factor market distortions and the Porter hypothesis.
1. Introduction
Increasingly more ecological problems have emerged with the rapid development of urbanization; consequently, environmental problems have become a topic of common concern in both the practical and academic communities. The Chinese government also attaches a great importance to ecological and environmental issues; to strengthen environmental and resource protection, the government has formulated more policies and regulations to restrict the behavior of market players. The construction of an ecological civilization has become a strategic issue at the national level and a core task for governments and people [1, 2]. There is currently an urgent need to solve environmental problems at the institutional level and achieve a win-win situation between the public and the country.
Green credit refers to the concept of using environmental leverage to guide environmental protection and achieve coordinated development of the economy, society, and environment through control and coordination of resources, the environment, and pollution. Its original purposes were to control the expansion and development of the “three high” enterprises, guide funds to environmentally friendly enterprises, optimize the credit structure, serve the real economy, and ultimately reduce environmental pollution. First of all, green credit can promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure through preferential loans to environmental protection companies and fines for polluting companies [3], and it plays a vital role in improving investment efficiency [3, 4] and reducing the pollution [5]. And green credit regulates the flow of social capital to strengthen environmental governance and promote social green production, which plays an increasingly important role in promoting environment friendly enterprises and limiting polluting enterprises [6]. This marks the beginning of a war in China on energy conservation and emission reduction to promote development of an ecological economy and a green economy. In the context of rapid economic development, the task of energy conservation and emission reduction is even more urgent, and the government’s environmental protection requirements for enterprises are also more stringent. Inadequate control methods and efforts have an increased credit risk. Therefore, on February 24, 2012, the CBRC issued the Green Credit Guidelines to effectively prevent risks that may be encountered during the development of green credit and to play a greater restrictive role. In the context of rapid economic development, the industrial production model of “polluting first and then treating” is no longer consistent with the main mode of pollution control. Enterprise technological innovation has become an effective strategy for pollution control during the production process [7].
In terms of research on technological innovation, some researchers studied the factors that affected China’s energy consumption from 1981 to 1987 and found that technological progress was the main force behind energy conservation [8]. Also some research studies studied the changes in China’s energy intensity from 1987 to 1992, and the results showed that technological progress was the main factor in reducing energy consumption [9]. The key reason is that technological innovation can reduce energy consumption by upgrading and adjusting the industrial structure. To a certain extent, traditional product and process innovation can stimulate the production activities of companies in heavily polluting industries (pharmaceutical and steel), thereby improving their energy consumption [10]. Technological innovation has become one of the main means of saving energy, reducing emissions, and decreasing pollution [11, 12]; it has effectively reduced unit energy consumption and changed its structure, thereby reducing energy waste and significantly impacting the sustainable development of enterprises. Therefore, technological innovation has become an important driving force for the high-quality development of the regional economy, which is the key to improving the regional technological innovation performance and production efficiency [13].
However, China’s current green industry level is still relatively low, and effective implementation of green credit depends not only on banks’ financial incentives but also on enterprises’ technical upgrades [1]. In particular, heavily polluting companies have suffered high social pressure, investment risks, environmental litigation risks, and reputational risks. At the same time, when financial development has an important impact on financial constraints, green credit has a crucial impact on corporate financing [14], especially for the financing costs and maturity of heavily polluting companies [15, 16]; this will also indirectly affect the innovation and development of enterprises [17], which has an important impact on the development of green economy [3]. So credit policies and financial constraints have important impacts on the technology investments of enterprises [18]. Will they strengthen technology innovation to reduce emissions, obtain funds, and continue to qualify for credit? By contrast, after qualifying for financing, will they only focus on their interests and abandon the pursuit of environmental benefits? Thus, the study of the green credit guidelines has an important impact on and significant policy implications for core element technology innovation in the research and development of heavily polluting enterprises. Based on the above research, this study takes heavily polluting companies listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen A share markets from 2007 to 2018 as the research sample and classifies them according to whether they disclose environmental and sustainable development information. Using a difference in the differences method, empirical tests are performed to examine the effect of the green credit guidelines on corporate technological innovation, with further analysis of the impact under different environmental regulations and levels of marketization.
The innovations and contributions of this study are mainly as follows. First, the difference in the differences method is used to analyze the quasi-natural experiment of the green credit guidelines and examine the impact of macropolicies and regulations on the innovation of microenterprises, thereby enriching the literature on macropolicies and corporate innovation and opening new research perspectives. Second, there is very little literature on the impact of green credit and corporate technological innovation in the context of microcosmic enterprises; this study helps fill this gap in the technological innovation research. Third, while testing the role of policies and regulations, the study also tests the operating conditions of the market mechanism and provides suggestions for adjusting macropolicies and market mechanisms to better serve the development of the real economy. The results can be used as a reference for the relevant regulatory and policy-making departments and contribute to the economy’s sustainable development. Fourth, the results of this paper provide experience for the country to formulate relevant policies and regulations in different regions and provide empirical evidence for technological innovation of heavily polluting companies from the perspective of factor market distortion and Porter’s hypothesis.
The remainder of this article is organized as follows. The second section reviews the theory and develops the hypotheses. The third section describes the research design, and the fourth section discusses the empirical analysis. The fifth section presents the concluding remarks.
2. Theory and Hypotheses
The literature includes many studies on green credit policies and technical innovation; some scholars believe there is a positive relationship between the two [19]. Green credit policy plays an important role in resource allocation [15], especially the unconventional monetary policy and credit policy will affect the investment and financing behavior of enterprises [18]. When China implemented the green credit policy, its aim was to achieve sustainable economic development and achieve the dual goal of saving energy and reducing emissions and optimizing and upgrading the industrial structure [19]. The policy plays a restrictive role for heavily polluting enterprises through credit constraints, which are stricter for high-pollution companies with a poor environmental performance [20, 21]. Because the availability of green credit loans is closely related to a company’s R&D investment and technical achievements, to qualify for green credit financing, companies must make technological progress in reducing environmental pollution, provide environmental protection through technological progress, and reduce policy ambiguity and the impact of the lack of information on corporate credit. Therefore, under environmental and public pressure, more enterprises have begun to be motivated to become green. They are actively responding to the ecology and adopting a series of energy saving and consumption reduction measures to promote sustainable economic development [22]. Environmental management capabilities are positively related to company performance, and the stronger the environmental management, the more significant the positive returns [23]; these in turn make the company more enthusiastic about engaging in technological innovation. Therefore, the green credit policy plays an important role in guiding green resources and improving resource utilization efficiency [24]. A company’s lean production may generate more public benefit spillovers, thereby playing a role in improving environmental benefits [25]; thus, the positive circular effect is obvious. At the same time, a company is also affected by its social responsibility for the environment. From the perspective of the environment and resources, the higher a company’s environmental and social responsibility, the better its stock price performance [26] and the more positive the impact on obtaining credit rights. When financial development has an important impact on financial constraints, green credit also has a vital impact on corporate financing [14], especially for the financing costs and maturity of heavily polluting companies [15, 16], plays an important role in the innovation and development of enterprises [17], and contributes to the green development of the economy [3]. And financial development will alleviate the financing constraints of enterprises and affect their financing behavior [3, 4, 27]. Liu et al. [15] used the double difference (DID) model to conduct a quasi-natural experiment on the “Green Credit Guidelines” issued by China and found that after the introduction of the green credit policy, the proportion and maturity of the debt financing of Chinese companies with serious pollution will drop significantly. In addition, environmental regulations have an important impact on the production efficiency of technological innovation [28], and the impact of green credit on financing is stable and continuous [15, 24]. It is believed that heavily polluting enterprises will definitely increase their emphasis on environmental pollution to qualify for financing and thus increase their investment in technologies that are closely related to pollution discharge. The Porter hypothesis proposes that proper environmental regulation will speed up technological innovation, and the productivity improvements brought about by these innovations will offset the costs incurred to respond to environmental protection, ultimately increasing enterprise profitability.
However, promulgation of the Green Credit Guidelines policy is an important factor that affects creditors’ risk perception. Environmental risks affect bank lending behaviors [29]. Financing is essential for companies to conduct production and operating activities, and this is closely related to technical decisions and the environmental performance [30]. Credit policies and financial constraints have a significant impact on corporate investment; more liquid assets will promote the company’s R&D investment, and more long-term debt and commercial bank credit may reduce its research and development investment [18]. Moreover, the debt financing capacity of heavily polluting companies has decreased significantly. Liu et al. [24] also indicate that the goal guidance in the green credit policy has greatly reduced the total financing of energy-intensive industries and had a significant inhibitory effect on investment [24]. Thus, the Green Credit Guidelines may limit financing for heavily polluting enterprises, which is not conducive to developing enterprise technological innovation. That is to say, although environmental laws and regulations can promote technological innovation and are one of the important means to achieve green transformation, due to the high cost of energy conservation and emission reduction, it is ultimately not conducive to the development of green innovation [31].
Signaling theory suggests that a company’s green credit financing announcement will affect the company by indicating that the company has obtained a loan, which will increase stock price expectations in the market [26]. At this time, on the one hand, the company has a fluke mentality, thinking that it is operating well, and it will not strengthen its technological innovation, leading to loan constraints in a later period. An improvement in technological innovation forms a positive cycle. However, the impact of the green credit policy on heavily polluting and energy-consuming enterprises is still unclear [20]. Figure 1 shows the impact mechanism of the green credit guidelines on technological innovation.
What is the mechanism through which it influences corporate technological innovation? This leads to competitive hypothesis 1: H1a: green credit guidelines have a positive effect on the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. H1b: green credit guidelines have a negative effect on the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises.
The distortion in the factor market will cause the factor’s market price to deviate from its opportunity cost, leading to the problem of insufficient efficiency in the allocation of market resources. Prior to China’s reform and opening up, to support the development of the heavy industry, the low prices resulting from various factors in the planned economy created significant price distortions in the Chinese market. After the reform and opening up, the heavy industry’s development strategy has changed, and local governments have become champions of their local economy’s GDP. Under this driving mechanism, Chinese officials have been forced to intervene and control land, capital, labor, and other factors to control the market [20], which has an important impact on the level of resource allocation in the entire market. There is a close relationship between regional economic innovation and regional economic development [2], so the invisible hand of the marketization level in different regions has an important effect on market innovation. As technological innovation is an important driving force for the high-quality development of the regional economy, improving factor endowment conditions and distribution efficiency is the key to regional technological innovation [13].
The factor endowment hypothesis suggests that when companies can benefit from factor inputs, that is, when the cost of factor inputs is lower than their benefit, they will comply with the corresponding environmental regulations. When the cost of obtaining green credit through technological innovation is lower than the cost of obtaining green credit without technological innovation, they will follow the rules to strengthen technical innovation; otherwise, they will abandon regulation. However, if the factor market is distorted, it will seriously inhibit improvement in China’s green economy production efficiency, which is not conducive to overall economic development [32]. The Porter hypothesis suggests that proper environmental regulation will accelerate technological innovation, and the productivity improvements brought about by these innovations will offset the costs of responding to environmental protection, ultimately increasing the profitability of enterprises in the market. Therefore, it is believed that the stronger the environmental regulations, the higher the technological innovation of enterprises. However, China has always had disproportionate development between the east, central, and west. There are great differences in the level of economic development and marketization among regions [33]. Environmental supervision has a significantly positive impact on the efficiency of regional capital allocation [34]. Omri [35] found that technological innovation can contribute to the three pillars of sustainable development at the same time only in rich countries, and it only affects the economic and environmental aspects of middle-income countries, whereas it has no effect on low-income countries. Xu and Li [6] further verified that the economically developed regions are more affected by green credit than the economically undeveloped regions. Where the degree of marketization is high, the level of technological development is high, the institutional environment is good, and the cost of technological innovation is relatively low. In contrast, where the degree of marketization is low, the market environment is relatively poor, and there are many government interventions. The problem is that local governments use their authority to deliberately increase the burden of enterprise approvals and licenses. As a result, an enterprise’s technical costs increase accordingly, making it more difficult for it to innovate.
Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed: H2: in areas with a high level of marketization, the stronger the environmental regulations, the more obvious the effect of green credit policies in guiding heavily polluting enterprises to increase their technological innovation capabilities; otherwise, the opposite is true
3. Research Design
3.1. Sample and Data Sources
This study selects heavily polluting listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen A share markets from 2007 to 2018 as the research object; 2007 was chosen as the starting year because it is the year the new accounting standard was implemented. Excluded from the sample were (1) current year companies marked ST or ST and (2) companies with missing data. To eliminate the effects of extreme values, all continuous variables were winsorized at the 5% level, leaving a final sample of 2,337 observations. The financial data were obtained from the CSMAR database and the China Marketization Index Report by Province 2018 and were cross-checked manually.
3.2. Model Setting and Variable Definitions
3.2.1. Model Setting
The Green Credit Guidelines implemented in 2012 present a natural experiment. This study uses a difference in the differences method to evaluate the impact of the green credit guidelines on the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. Based on controlling other variables, the difference in the differences method can test whether there is a significant difference in the processing group’s technological innovation development status and that of the control group before and after the green credit guidelines were implemented. The model is set as in the following equation [15, 36]:where is the dependent variable used to measure the listed company’s degree of technological innovation. is the core explanatory variable, and . During the sample period, if a listed company discloses environmental and sustainable development information, ; otherwise, it equals 0. When , ; otherwise, it equals 0. Controls are the control variables, year represents the annual effects, indu represents the industry effects, region represents the regional effects, and is the error term. At the same time, the clustered file standard error reported in this study can solve potential serial correlation and heteroscedasticity problems. The processing group in this article includes listed companies that disclose environmental and sustainable development information, while the control group is composed of listed companies that do not disclose environmental and sustainable development. The estimated coefficient β_1 is the policy effect that is the focus of this study. If the policy is effective, the coefficient will be significantly positive.
3.2.2. Variables
(1)Technical innovation. Since the number of patents is an important indicator of a company’s technological level, technological innovation is measured in this study as the cumulative number of patents applied for, obtained, authorized, or accepted as of the end of the reporting period(2)The difference in differences is the cross product of the experimental variable and the time variable(3)Control variables. According to De Jonghe et al. [33], it also controls for relevant company-level variables that can affect corporate technology innovation, including the sales ratio (SALES), asset-liability ratio (LEV), growth in sales (GROWTH), return on assets (ROA), ratio of independent directors (INDR), shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder (TOPHLD), nature of listed company (SOE), whether the company’s chairman and CEO are the same individual (DUAL), asset size (SIZE), and annual, industry, and regional effects. The definitions of the main variables are shown in Table 1 [33].
4. Empirical Analysis
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
According to the descriptive statistics in Table 2, the standard error of the technical innovation of heavily polluting companies is 1,125.579, which indicates technological innovation among heavily polluting companies is heterogeneous, and the distribution of innovation results is very uneven. The average value of the disclosure of sustainable development information is 0.389. This indicates most companies still pay relatively little attention to environmental governance, have poor environmental awareness, and need improvement.
4.2. Trends of the Treatment and Control Groups before Policy Implementation
Figures 2 and 3 show that whether the dependent variable is a technological innovation or its residual mean, the treatment and control groups maintained the same basic trend from 2007 to 2012. However, a significant difference begins to appear after 2012, and the condition of the treatment group is better than that of the control group. The reason for the difference may be that, after the 2012 Green Credit Guidelines policy was issued, heavily polluting companies that focus on disclosing environmental and sustainable development information will be able to obtain credit from financing institutions because of their good environmental management. With fewer financing constraints, more funds can be used to develop the enterprise itself, forming a positive economic cycle and helping the enterprise upgrade, innovate, and develop technology.
4.3. Empirical Analysis
4.3.1. Results for the Benchmark Model
To test hypothesis 1, it uses equation (1) to estimate the impact of the green credit policy on the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. The regression results are shown in Table 3. Column (1) shows the regression that includes the core variables treat and post and their interaction terms. Column (2) through column (4) controls for annual effects, industry effects, and regional effects, respectively, by adding control variables. Column (5) controls for annual, industry, and regional effects by adding control variables. The results show that there is a positive relationship between the green credit policy and technological innovation. The estimated value of DID is positive and significant at the 10% level. That is, implementation of the green credit policy significantly promotes development of technological innovation, and the effect of technological innovation is significant. The results remain consistent regardless of the control variables included or excluded. This may be because, to prepare to qualify for credit financing, increasingly more heavily polluting enterprises have begun to pay attention to their own technical problems and improve environmental protection standards under the guidance of the green credit policy. In this process, the technological innovation ability of heavily polluting enterprises is significantly improved. After obtaining credit funds, they continue to strengthen their technological development to improve their economic development efficiency rate and environmental efficiency. Therefore, the benchmark regression results show that implementing the green credit policy has a significantly positive impact on the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. Hypothesis 1a is supported.
4.3.2. Heterogeneous Treatment Effects
Due to the existence of heterogeneous effects such as economic basis, environmental supervision, resource endowment, and geographical location, policy implementation effects will differ between regions. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the heterogeneity of the benchmark regression results. This study examines the intensity of regional marketization and environmental regulation. Table 4 shows the results of the heterogeneity test; column (1) through column (4) reflects the group with a higher degree of marketization, while column (5) through column (8) reflects the group with a lower degree of marketization. The coefficient of DID is positive and significant at the 10% level for the group with a higher degree of marketization, while it is not significant for the group with a lower degree of marketization, indicating that the green credit guidance policy has no significant effect on the marketization process. The significant influence in the group with a higher degree of marketization supports hypothesis 2. This may be because environmental regulations are relatively strict when there is a high degree of marketization, and the market development environment is relatively good. For heavily polluting enterprises, the cost of technological innovation will be lower than the cost of responding to environmental protection. Therefore, enterprises will increase technological innovation and improve the production performance to offset technological innovation and environmental regulations.
4.3.3. Identification Tests
These research results show that implementation of the green credit policy is conducive to strengthening the technological innovation capacity of heavily polluting enterprises. However, the conclusion may be affected by omitted variables bias. The following identification tests are performed to verify the reliability of applying DID to policy identification.
4.3.4. Pretreatment Trends Test for the Control and Treatment Groups
To further test the pretreatment trends and verify whether the policy has a time lag effect, it uses the event study method to study the dynamic effect of the green credit guidance policy [37, 38]. Specifically, it replaces DID in formula (1) with a dummy variable indicating several years before and after the green credit policy implementation; the dependent variable remains unchanged, as shown in the following equation:where is the dummy variable for the year the green credit policy was implemented. A negative number S indicates S years before implementation of the green credit policy, while a positive number indicates S years after green credit policy implementation. Figure 4 shows the parameter estimates for {}. The figure illustrates that the coefficients before policy implementation are generally not significant, while the coefficients after policy implementation are generally significant at the lowest confidence interval level. The test results further verify the parallel trend hypothesis and show that the policy effect shows a gradual upward trend and has continuity after implementation occurs.
Figure 4 provides further evidence on the parallel trend hypothesis. The coefficient curves and maximum confidence intervals are all above 0; some coefficients of the minimum confidence interval are also greater than 0, which satisfies the pretreatment trends assumption of the DID model.
5. Placebo Test
To eliminate interference of other factors or unobserved missing variables in the study’s basic conclusions, it performs a placebo test [30, 39]. It draws 1,500 random samples; 10 samples are randomly selected each time from the whole sample as the treatment group for the indirect test. According to equation (1), using the regression results of column (5) in Table 3 as the benchmark results, the coefficient estimate for is as follows:
In equation (3), the control variables reflect all variables that cannot be observed. If the estimate of is unbiased, then μ must be 0. However, it is not known whether is 0 or whether the unobserved factors affect the test results. According to the relevant economic theory, does not impact the interpreted variables in random samples. If = 0, then, it can also be deduced that is 0. Figure 5 reports the kernel density estimate of the estimated coefficient. Because the estimates are concentrated around 0, it can deduce that is 0, which proves that our basic conclusion is not affected by other random factors. That is, the randomly established green credit policy has no effect on the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises, so implementing the green credit guidance policy in 2012 has a significant promoting effect on the treatment group. To sum up, the positive impact of green credit policy implementation on the technological innovation of the treatment team is not affected by other unobserved factors.
The occurrence of exogenous events may not be unique, and the impact of the green credit guidelines on environmental information disclosure of enterprises may be a “false fact,” that is, there is no special time point that will lead to improvement in the environmental information disclosure quality. It sets the green credit guidance time as 2013 and 2015, or 2013–2016 and 2015–2016 as the years after the establishment of green credit, which equals 1 for 2013 and 2015, and 0 for the rest of the years. The test results are shown in Table 5; columns (1) and (2) are the regression results of replacing the policy implementation point with 2013, and columns (3) and (4) are the results of replacing the policy implementation point with 2015. The item () DID2 and DID3 are no longer significant, reinforcing that it is an exogenous shock, and the conclusion is reliable.
6. Robustness Test
The PSM-DID method is used as a robustness test to further analyze the policy effect of the green credit guidance.
First, to facilitate comparison, the control variables in the previous tests are used in a logit regression to predict the probability of each enterprise’s disclosure of environmental and sustainable development information. The nearest neighbor, radius, and kernel matching methods are then used to match the control group to the sample (treatment group) that actively discloses environmental and sustainable development information, so the processing group and control group are in the green credit guidance as far as possible. There is no significant difference before the policy impact, reducing the endogeneity problems caused by the self-selection bias of the choice to disclose environmental and sustainable development information.
Second, the DID method is used to identify the net impact of the green credit guidance on the technology innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. Because the tendency score can best solve the deviation problem of observable covariates and the double difference method can eliminate the influence of unobservable variables such as time-varying variables, the combination of these two methods can better identify the policy effect. No matter which matching method is used, the t-test of the observations before and after matching is not significant, and the difference is small as given in Appendix.
The regression results are shown in Table 6. The estimated results of radius, kernel, and nearest neighbor matching are shown, respectively, in columns (1)–(3). In principle, the estimation results of any matching method will not be very different [40]. From the estimation results of the three matching methods in Table 6, the estimation coefficients, signs, and significance levels of the matching methods are basically consistent with the results of the benchmark regression in Table 3. Therefore, the estimate of the impact of the green credit guidance on technology innovation of heavily polluting enterprises is stable.
7. Concluding Remarks
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the green credit guidelines on technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises. After estimating several specifications of the DID model using samples obtained from the CSMAR database (2007–2018) and China Marketization Index Report by Province (2018), the research results show that the green credit guidance can improve the technological innovation level of heavily polluting enterprises. Further analysis shows that due to differences in the factor endowment structure, economic basis, environmental supervision intensity, and geographical factors, which lead to heterogeneous policy effects between different regions, the impact is greater in areas with high levels of market orientation. The conclusion is consistent throughout several recognition and robustness tests and shows that the green credit guidance has a positive effect on the technological innovation of enterprises. It not only plays an important role in developing market environment mechanisms but also provides an experience constructing relevant policies and regulations in China. Furthermore, the study provides empirical evidence by analyzing the technological innovation of heavily polluting enterprises from the perspective of factor market distortion and the Porter hypothesis.
In view of the availability of data and the limitations of research methods, this research still has some shortcomings, which are not enough to fully control the operation of the entire macroeconomic and microeconomics; so, it is necessary to pay attention to the universality and particularity of contradictions. In the future, we need to focus on introducing more complex models to measure the degree of technological innovation of heavily polluting companies, so as to put forward more meaningful solutions for different types of polluting companies, and put forward substantive suggestions for the development of China’s economy.
Based on this study’s conclusion and the current state of domestic and international development, it offers the following suggestions. First, it should strengthen the willingness of heavily polluting enterprises to disclose environmental information, improve their environmental awareness, and tap their endogenous development power from inside to outside. At the same time, the government should further strengthen the relevant laws and regulations, strengthen supervision, and guide heavily polluting enterprises. Second, it should focus on the differences in the enterprise development under different marketization levels and conduct targeted environmental management for heavily polluting enterprises. It should give full play to the three-dimensional coordination mechanism of a “government market society” in constructing an ecological civilization and provide support for the innovation and development of heavily polluting enterprises.
7.1. Notes
(1)This study takes listed companies that actively disclose environmental and sustainable development information as the treatment group affected by the green credit guidance policy. To implement macrocontrol policies such as the comprehensive work plan for energy conservation and emission reduction of the 12th Five Year Plan of the State Council (GF (2011) No. 26), the opinions of the State Council on strengthening the keywork of environmental protection (GF (2011) No. 35), and the requirements of the combination of regulatory policies and industrial policies, banking financial institutions should be encouraged to take green credit as the starting point and actively adjust the credit structure. The CBRC has formulated the green credit guidelines to effectively prevent environmental and social risks, better serve the real economy, and promote the transformation of the economic development mode and economic restructuring.(2)This study uses the industry codes of the industry classification guidelines for listed companies as revised by the China Securities Regulatory Commission in 2012 and selects companies in the heavily polluting industries listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen A share markets from 2007 to 2018 as the research sample for analysis. The sorted heavily polluting industry codes are B01, B03, B05, B07, C01, C03, C05, C11, C14, C31, C35, C41, C43, C61, C65, C67, C81, D01, H01, and H03.
Data Availability
The data used to support this study are included within this article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the National Social Science Fund of China (18BJY212) and The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in UIBE (CXTD9-04).
Supplementary Materials
Table 1: t-test for radius matching; Table 2: t-test for kernel matching; Table 3: t-test for nearest neighbor matching; Table 4: sample comparison; Figure 1: difference between unmatched sample and matched sample; and Figure 2: propensity score for unmatched sample and matched sample. (Supplementary Materials)