Evolution Laws for Frozen Wall Formation under Conditions of Sudden Seepage

Figure 2

Model test system: 1, water circulation pump; 2, thermotank; 3, freezing pipe; 4, percolation filter layer; 5, soils; 6, water pipeline; 7, brine pump; 8, brine pipeline; 9, brine tank; 10, refrigerator; 11, data collection terminal; 12, temperature transmission cable; 13, electromagnetic flowmeter and mechanical flowmeter.