Abstract
Nanofluids are solid-liquid mixtures that have a dispersion of nanometer-sized particles in conventional base fluids. The flow and heat transmission in an unstable mixed convection boundary layer are affected by the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity uncertainty of a nanofluid over a stretching vertical surface. There is time-dependent stretching velocity and surface temperature instability in both the flow and temperature fields. It is possible to scale the governing partial differential equations and then solve them using ordinary differential equations. Cu and Al2O3 nanofluids based on water are among the possibilities being investigated. An extensive discussion has been done on relevant parameters such as the unsteadiness parameter and the mixed convection parameter's effect on solid volume fraction of nanoparticles. In addition, alternative nanofluid models based on distinct thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity formulas are examined for their flow and heat transmission properties. On the basis of the comparison, it is concluded that the results are spot on for steady state flow.
1. Introduction
When it comes to classic heat transfer fluids such as water, motor oil, ethylene glycol, and others, “nanofluid” has historically been defined as the distribution of nanometer-sized solid particles in these fluids. Many studies investigated how nanofluid size, shape, concentration, and other thermophysical parameters affect the pace at which heat is transferred. The interesting thermal properties and possible uses of this study area have sparked a lot of attention among scientists. In spite of this, a new generation of nanofluids has recently been developed using two different types of nanoparticles dispersed in a base fluid called “hybrid nanofluid”. As a result of the synergistic effects of hybrid nanofluid, it can be used to improve the beneficial aspects of individual nanoparticles while minimizing the drawbacks of employing them independently.
Compared to other nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids are a relatively new class of nanofluids with several potential uses in a wide range of disciplines related to heat transfer, including microelectronics and microfluidics as well as transportation and manufacturing, medicine, and defense. It is possible for hybrid nanofluids to provide a wide range of advantages by dispersing nanoparticles properly. Compared to traditional fluid flow, nanofluid has a greater heat transfer rate. Hybrid nanofluid is added to make it even more effective. The current work is concerned with an issue of this nature and examines the features of heat transport over a stretching sheet. There have been numerous experimental studies done on hybrid nanofluid that have led to new technological concepts. As an example, researchers Suresh et al. [1] looked at how to synthesize the hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3–Cu/water). Momin [2] states that he performed an Inclined Tube Laminar Flow Experiment with (Al2O3–Cu/water) hybrid nanofluid [3]. According to the researchers, a hybrid Al2O3–Cu/water nanofluid affects heat transport. Suresh et al. [4] examined the turbulent heat transfer and pressure drop properties of water-based hybrid nanofluids (Al2O3–Cu/water). Using an Al2O3 Cu/water hybrid nanofluid as an electronic heat sink was investigated by Selvakumar and Suresh [5]. Gireesha et al. [6] found that a sinusoidal corrugated enclosure's heat transfer performance improved when hybrid nanofluid was used. Using a (Al2O3–Cu/water) hybrid nanofluid, Takabi and Shokouhmand [7] looked at how heat transmission and flow properties changed in a turbulent environment. To better understand how forced convection occurs in a flat plate solar collector, researchers Wang et al. [8] tested out a nanofluid that contained double nanoparticles. Acharya [9] examined the effectiveness of Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles in a water-based hybrid suspension in laminar convection.
The issues surrounding MHD and nanofluids have grown in industrial importance during the last few decades. MHD power generators and electromechanical systems are used in numerous technical procedures. High temperatures create magnetic accelerators, so understanding hydromagnetic nanofluid flows is critical when developing new equipment. In the beginning, Sparrow and Cess [10] looked at how a magnetic field affected natural convection heat transfer. Chakrabarti and Gupta [11] examined the flow and transport of heat over a stretching sheet using hydromagnetic flow. According to Vajravelu [12], on a moving surface, hydromagnetic convective flow has been studied in great depth. Hydromagnetic flows past a stretched sheet include the notion of nanofluid presented for the increase of heat transmission. These fluids’ advantages include increased heat transmission and stability as well as effective thermal conductivity. Higher energy economy, improved performance, and lower operating costs are all benefits of nanofluid thermal conductivity. Choi [13] demonstrated that adding a modest number of nanoparticles to standard heat transfer liquids increased the thermal conductivity by up to double the amount of the base fluid. Flow problems involving Newtonian heating have numerous practical applications in industry and engineering. In electrical devices, computer power supplies, and automobile engine cooling systems like radiators, these types of thermal flows determine the influence on the device. Thermal energy storage systems, nuclear power reactors, and gas turbines all use Newtonian heating.
Because of its many uses, boundary layer flows with Newtonian heating have been extensively researched by researchers in a variety of physical situations. Makinde [14] investigated the effects of viscosity dissipation and Newtonian heating on Sakiadis nanofluid flow. According to Yacob et al. [15], they looked at boundary layer flow in a nanofluid past a stretching/shrinking surface in external uniform shear flow with a convective surface boundary condition. The MHD-driven convection was discovered to be responsible for the laminar boundary layer flow of alumina-water nanofluid on a moving permeable flat plate [16]. To better understand nanofluid flow and heat transfer at a three-dimensional stagnation point, Bachok et al. [17] undertook this investigation. According to Attia [18], he looked into the flow of a three-dimensional hydromagnetic stagnation point toward a stretching sheet while creating heat. Khan et al. [11] conducted research to better understand the flow and heat transfer in three dimensions over a nonlinearly stretched sheet. Using a permeable stretched sheet and a convective boundary condition, Mansur and Ishak [19] showed that a nanofluid may flow and transmit heat in three dimensions.
In order to build on previous discoveries, the current study tackles the problem of unsteady flow and heat transmission in a stretching Al2O3–Cu/water hybrid nanofluid sheet. Water with Al2O3 and Cu nanoparticles is used to create a hybrid nanofluid. A similarity transformation is used to turn the governing equations and boundary conditions into an ordinary differential equations system. The boundary value problem solver in Mathematica is used to numerically solve the equations (bvp4c). Numerous influences on flow and heat transfer are shown graphically in this illustration. These numbers were checked against those from other studies to ensure they were accurate. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no one has ever examined hybrid nanofluid flow across a stretching sheet before.
2. Problem Formulation
An unstable, laminar, mixed convection boundary layer flow is generated by stretching a viscous and incompressible hybrid nanofluid sheet vertically (see Figure 1). Many different nanoparticles can be found in this water-based hybrid nanofluid such as copper, silver, aluminum oxide, and titanium dioxide. By assuming no heat transport between surfaces, we may rule out convection or convection-diffusion effects. Thermophysical properties of a nanofluid are shown in Table 1. The fluid and heat flows remain constant at time t 0. At time t = 0, a stretched sheet moves at a velocity through an instable fluid and heat flow (x, t). Linear relationships exist between the temperature of the sheet (x, t), and its decline over time is predicted by an inverse square law. An alternative Cartesian coordinate system uses a sheet as the starting point and continues upwards from there, whereas the y-axis is parallel to and positive in relation to the sheet’s surface when compared to a fluid-based coordinate system. The terms “assisting flow” and “opposing flow” are interchangeable when discussing sheet heating and cooling. Thermal buoyancy and stiffening-induced flow work together to benefit the helping flow, but the opposite is true for the opposing flow.
Even if we assume the boundary layer approximation is true, in the case of nanofluids, the fundamental conservation equations for unsteady mass, momentum, and thermal energy are written as follows (see [21, 22]):with boundary conditions, and , where is dented stream function. We know that are velocity components of the stream function defined as
Equations (2) and (3) are used in is denoted as the density which is effective of the hybrid nanofluid, and is the dynamic viscosity, denotes the gravity acceleration of the hybrid nanofluid, and is thermal expansion of hybrid nanofluid. Now, for the hybrid nanofluids, as defined by the expression for , , and , we have
The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of hybrid nanofluid are defined aswhere is the dynamic viscosity of the base hybrid nanofluid, are the volume fraction for the hybrid nanoparticles, and are the thermal conductivities and hybrid nanoparticles, respectively. The hybrid nanofluids of properties presented in the above determinations are considered from , and the average amounts temperature are properties of hybrid nanoparticles. Consider that the velocity and temperature of the surface of the stretching sheet are defined as symbolized the radiative temperature flux:
We can define the dimensionless function and aswhere is similarity variable, is the dimensionless heat transfer, and A = ca−1 is a parameter that measures the unsteadiness. So, equation (1) is identically satisfied. The transformation of mass, momentum, and energy equations are obtained as
The transformed boundary conditions are as follows.
At ,
At ,where is the Reynolds number, is the Grashof number, and is the buoyancy parameter given by
The assisting and opposing flows correspond to gamma greater than zero or gamma less than zero, respectively.
Furthermore, represents the Prandtl number and also the relationship between the density and specific heat for the hybrid nanofluids. The shear stresses, skin friction, and Nusselt number are defined by the following mathematical relations:where is the hotness transfer from the sheet defined as follows:
Applying transformation in the nondimensional parameter, we get
3. Solution Procedure
We considered unsteady flow and temperature transfer of hybrid nanofluids described in equations. Mathematical relationships signifying the unsteady flow of hybrid nanofluid are represented in equations (7) and (8). The calculated method is called the shooting method to convert higher-order ODEs to first-order ODEs. The following transformations are obtained:
For the sake of comparison, we have also solved the same problem by using the R-K-4 method (coupled with shooting technique) and the results are compared in Table 2. Both solutions show an excellent agreement with each other. These solutions are calculated for and = = 0, and the Prandtl number is taken to be 6.2.
4. Graphical Outcomes and Discussion
We will use graphs to show how various emergent parameters such as velocity and temperature distributions are affected. The hybrid Cu–Al2O3 water-based nanofluid is shown in nanofluid-based diagrams. Special attention is being paid to the comparison of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids. In the following diagrams, static lines depict nanofluid outcomes, whereas pointed lines depict hybrid nanofluid results. Thermal radiation Rd, buoyancy parameter , and temperature difference parameter are presented in Figures 2–11 for specific hybrid volumetric fractions ∅2, respectively. Hybrid volumetric fractions ∅2 have an impact on velocity, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that hybrid volumetric fractions ∅2 contribute to reducing velocity, as can be shown. Because the fluid movement is caused by the expansion of the surface, any changes in the fluid flow on the expanding surface will slow the flow.
Figure 3 shows the increasing velocity in the opposite direction. Velocity drops as unsteadiness parameter A grows, as can be seen in the figure. However, this computation shows that the decrease in velocity for hybrid nanofluids is significantly greater. As the thermal radiation Rd increases, the fluid flow becomes more intense, as seen in Figure 4, which shows the effect on the velocity profile. The boundary layer is getting thicker at the same time. In terms of physics, the curved surface’s pliability aids fluid flow over it. In hybrid nanofluids, the increase in speed is a little more noticeable. Figure 5 shows how the buoyancy parameter gamma affects the velocity of a hybrid nanofluid. This image shows that the hybrid nanofluid flows faster than the nanofluid for a large buoyancy parameter of Cu and Cu–Al2O3.
Figure 6 depicts the temperature differential parameter as it changes over time. In terms of temperature, makes a big improvement. must be greater than 1 because it is the ratio of wall and free surface temperatures. As increases, the temperature should rise and the thermal boundary layer should thicken. Stretch and shrink temperatures are clearly separated by a wide margin of error. Similar emergent factors have different effects on the temperature profile, as seen in Figures 7–11. The graphs show that nanofluids and mixed nanofluids can be more accurately represented. In addition, five different types of variables are shown in each illustration. The efficiency of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids is shown by solid and pointed lines, respectively. To show increasing parameters, the dotted and solid lines have been used. These parameters include hybrid volumetric fractions ∅2, unsteadiness, and thermal Radiation Rd, as well as buoyancy and temperature difference .
It is shown in Figure 7 that unsteadiness parameter A is affected by temperature. This graph shows that as temperature exponent A rises, so does the temperature. This is clear. Because the increase in A’s value improves the conduction’s results, the temperature rises as a result. In the field, this rise is broad and contributes to the air heat flux. Figure 8 depicts the effect of hybrid volumetric fractions ∅2 on nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid temperatures, showing that as hybrid volumetric fractions ∅2 increase, the thickness of the surface and the thermal limit layer decreases. 2 contributes to slow down of both fluid flows and temperature rise because it has a hybrid volumetric ∅2 effect.
The magnitude of the temperature for hybrid nanofluids is higher than for nanofluids at hybrid volumetric fractions ∅2 based on this result. Figure 9 depicts the temperature operation for the buoyancy parameter . As the buoyancy parameter increases, so does the temperature. As can be shown in Figure 10, the unsteadiness parameter A of a hybrid nanofluid has an impact on the temperature. This graph indicates that hybrid nanofluids move faster than nanofluids for large unsteadiness parameter A. is a temperature difference parameter. The results are shown in Figure 11. This graph showed that raising the parameter changed the temperature distribution. In other words, because it is hotter up there, more heat is being radiated from the ground, which in turn makes for a thicker, more stable thermal layer. Hybrid nanofluids may also be affected by this temperature increase.
5. Conclusions
An unstable mixed convective boundary layer in two dimensions has been researched to see how well a stretching vertical surface transfers heat and flow while employing nanofluids. We talked about the impact of the governing parameters ∅2, A, Rd, , and on the system. Mathematica’s ND Solver software was utilized. Numerical analysis was carried out to give the flow problem a physical imagination for different assessments of the flow quality parameters. The results for and are represented visually. Here are some of the more significant and interesting takeaways from this article:(i)The increase of nanoparticle volumetric fractions ∅2 of and decreases both the momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness(ii) decreases and increases with rising values of A(iii)To begin with, we discovered that magnifies for greater ∅2 values, whereas responds in the opposite manner(iv)There is an inverse relationship between the percentage of trustworthy nanoparticulate content and both velocity and temperature fields (v)Increasing the thermal radiation Rd has an impact on the velocity and temperature fields
Data Availability
The study was based on numerical technique and no data were used in findings of the study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.