Evolution of Deep Neural Network Architecture Using Particle Swarm Optimization to Improve the Performance in Determining the Friction Angle of Soil

Figure 10

Evolution of neurons in each hidden layer using PSO-DNN models: (a) 10 hidden layers, R²; (b) 10 hidden layers, MAE; (c) 8 hidden layers, RMSE (HD: hidden layers).

(a)

(b)

(c)