Evolution of Deep Neural Network Architecture Using Particle Swarm Optimization to Improve the Performance in Determining the Friction Angle of Soil

Table 10

Comparison between the DNN model and the PSO-DNN model.

Criteria	DNN model	PSO-DNN model	Performance improvement (%)
R^2	0.918	0.935	1.83
MAE (^o)	1.425	1.340	5.94
RMSE (^o)	1.936	1.770	8.58