Using Galileo and BDS-3 Quad-Frequency Signals for Long-Baseline Instantaneous Decimeter-Level Positioning

Table 1

Ambiguity and range estimation precision for quad-frequency Galileo and BDS-3.

Parameters	Wavelength (m)	Number of fixed EWL/WL ambiguities
		0	1	2	3
Galileo
E5a–E5b: (0, −1, 1, 0)/cycles	9.77	0.043	—	—	—
E5b–E6: (0, 0, −1, 1)/cycles	4.19	0.070	0.060	—	—
E1–E5a: (1, −1, 0, 0)/cycles	0.75	0.379	0.358	0.298	—
Range/m	—	1.249	1.173	1.169	0.316
BDS-3
B1C–B1I: (1, −1, 0, 0)/cycles	20.93	0.041	—	—	—
B2a–B3I: (0, 0, −1, 1)/cycles	3.26	0.110	0.110	—	—
B1I–B2a: (0, 1, −1, 0)/cycles	0.78	0.323	0.314	0.209	—
Range/m	—	1.012	0.949	0.816	0.333