Time-Harmonic Response of an Elastic Pile in a Radially Inhomogeneous Poroelastic Medium

Li, Xibin; Xu, Wenhui; Zhang, Zhiqing

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6667665

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 6667665 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6667665

Time-Harmonic Response of an Elastic Pile in a Radially Inhomogeneous Poroelastic Medium

Xibin Li,¹Wenhui Xu,¹and Zhiqing Zhang¹

Academic Editor: Xinyu Xie

Received07 Dec 2020

Revised11 Jan 2021

Accepted22 Jan 2021

Published09 Feb 2021

Abstract

The time-harmonic response of an elastic pile embedded in a radially inhomogeneous poroelastic medium and subjected to a torsional loading is studied in the present article. In engineering practice, the surrounding soil may be weakened due to the disturbance effect caused by pile driving. To simulate the weakened surrounding soil, a boundary zone model with the complex shear modulus of the inner disturbed soil changing in a parabolic form along the radial direction is proposed. In view of the axis-symmetric deformation of the surrounding soil under torsional load, the equation of motion of the saturated soil is solved in the cylindrical coordinate system. The vibration displacement and shear stress solutions for the inner disturbed soil are gained by expanding the displacement as a power series, and those for the outer undisturbed soil are obtained by solving the partial differential equation. By virtue of continuity conditions at the interface between inner and outer soil regions, the torsional impedance of the radially inhomogeneous soil is solved. Then, via the boundary and continuity conditions of the pile-soil system, the twist angle and torque of the pile are obtained in the frequency domain. Finally, selected numerical results are conducted to investigate the influence of the material damping, softening degree, and softening range of the inner soil on the distribution of the twist angle and torque of the pile along the depth direction.

1. Introduction

Foundations and pile foundations are commonly subjected to dynamic torsional load due to the eccentricity in applied lateral loads, and the corresponding dynamic analysis is of great importance for the dynamic foundation design. Over the past few decades, various theoretical methods (e.g., analytical, semianalytical, and numerical methods) were proposed to solve the vibration of piles or foundations in elastic/viscoelastic soil media. For instance, Novak and Howell [1] analyzed the torsional vibration characteristics of an end-bearing pile in a viscoelastic soil medium using an analytical method. Wu et al. [2] proposed the fictitious model to simulate the effect of the pile end soil and gained an analytical solution for the torsional dynamic response of a floating pile embedded in a layered soil. Wu et al. [3] investigated the vertical vibration characteristics of a variable impedance pile embedded in a multilayered soil using a quasi-analytical method. Militano and Rajapakse [4] proposed a semianalytical method to study the dynamic response of an elastic pile subjected to transient torsional and axial loads. Lin et al. [5], Pan et al. [6], and Zhang and Pan [7] studied the torsional and vertical vibration of rigid circular foundation over and buried in a transversely isotropic multilayered half-space via a semianalytical method. Besides, the numerical methods (e.g., finite element method, coupled finite element method-boundary element method) [8, 9] were also applied into the study on the torsional vibration of a pile embedded in a layered half-space.

Most of the above studies on piles had regarded soil as a radial homogenous elastic/viscoelastic media. Since Biot’s pioneer work [10, 11] on the general theory of acoustic propagation in poroelastic medium, the dynamic response of the buried patch load [12–14], and the torsional vibration of pile or foundation in saturated soil were investigated in detail [15–19]. Besides, Zhao and Xiang [20] investigated the dynamic torsional response of pipe pile embedded in unsaturated soil. However, in practice, the soil adjacent to the pile may be compacted or loosened during pile installation [21], which results in soil properties changing continuously along the radial direction. That is to say, in this case, the soil is inhomogeneous in the radial direction. To approximately account for the inhomogeneity of the surrounding soil, Novak and Sheta [21] first proposed a weakened annular boundary zone model with an inner weakened massless region. In light of the limitation of this study, Veletsos and Dotson [22] further considered the mass of the soil, which can better reflect the inertia effect of the weakened soil. After that, various types of nonreflective boundary zone model containing inner disturbed region and outer undisturbed homogenous region were proposed, in which the shear modulus of the inner disturbed region changes continuously in the radial direction [23–25]. Moreover, Li and Gao [26] and Zhang et al. [27] studied, respectively, the vertical and torsional vibration characteristics of a pipe pile embedded in a radially inhomogeneous soil using the rigorous continuum soil model. However, these studies modeled the radially inhomogeneous soil as a viscoelastic medium. Based on Biot’s poroelastodynamic theory, Li et al. [28, 29] derived quasi-analytical solutions for the dynamic torsional and vertical response of an end-bearing pile embedded in a radially inhomogeneous saturated soil.

To the best of our knowledge, an analytical solution for the dynamic torsional response of a floating pile in a radially inhomogeneous saturated soil is still unavailable. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to propose an analytical solution to study the time-harmonic torsional response of an elastic pile embedded in a radially inhomogeneous saturated soil. Through the numerical calculation, the influence of the material damping, softening degree, and softening range of the inner soil on the distribution of the twist angle and torque of the pile along the depth direction is investigated in detail. The present solution can be further served as benchmarks for the complicated and powerful numerical methods.

2. Establishment of the Mathematical Model

2.1. Geometric Model and Assumptions

Consider the dynamic torsional interaction between an elastic pile and a radially inhomogeneous poroelastic medium, as depicted in Figure 1. The elastic pile is vertically with a uniform circular cross-section and subjected to a time-harmonic torsional load T₀e^iωt acting at its top end. The length and radius of the pile are H and r₀, respectively. In engineering practice, the poroelastic medium (i.e., saturated soil) adjacent to the pile would be compacted or loosened due to pile installation, which results in soil properties continuously changing in the radial direction. Hence, in order to describe the radial inhomogeneity of the soil in theory, the boundary zone model with nonreflective boundary is proposed, and the surrounding soil is then divided into an inner disturbed region of radial thickness t_m and an outer semi-infinite undisturbed region (i.e., homogenous region). Furthermore, it is also assumed that the displacement and stress at the interface of the pile and inner soil region (and that of inner and outer soil regions) are continuous. Since the applied torsional load and the deformation of the surrounding soil are axis-symmetric, we present and solve the pile-soil interaction problem in terms of the cylindrical coordinate system (r, θ, z), and the radially inhomogeneous poroelastic medium is within the positive z domain. It should be also pointed out that under the action of the time-harmonic torsional load, the response is proportional to the factor e^iωt, which will be suppressed for brevity.

The geometry of the radially inhomogeneous soil is shown in Figure 2, in which the complex shear modulus of the inner disturbed soil is assumed to continuously change in a parabolic form proposed by Han and Sabin [24]. Therefore, the complex shear modulus of the soil in the inner and outer regions can be written in terms of the mathematical formulations aswhere and are the complex shear modulus of the soil in the outer undisturbed region and the soil at the interface of the pile and soil; D_s0 and D_sm are, respectively, the corresponding soil damping coefficients at the same locations; i=(‒1)^0.5; R₀ is the radial distance from the interface of the two regions to the center of the pile; and f(r) is a function reflecting the parabolic variation of the complex shear modulus of the soil in the inner region and considered to vary according to the following expression:in whichwhere GR = G_sm/G_s0 reflects the disturbance (i.e., softening or hardening) degree of the inner soil and t_m is the width of the inner disturbed region, which reflects the disturbance range of the inner soil. It is noted that GR < 1 denotes the weakened inner soil and GR > 1 denotes the strengthened inner soil.

2.2. Governing Equations

Based on Biot’s general theory of acoustic propagation in the poroelastic medium [10, 11] and under the plane strain assumption of the soil [4], the dynamic equilibrium equation of the saturated soil subjected to torsional load can be written aswhere u_θ and are, respectively, the amplitude of the circumferential displacement of the soil skeleton and that of the pore fluid relative to the soil skeleton; ρ = (1 ‒ ϕ)ρ_s + ϕρ_f is the density of the soil; ρ_s and ρ_f are the densities of soil skeleton and pore fluid, respectively; and ϕ is the porosity of the saturated soil.

The general dynamic equilibrium equation of the pore fluid for the poroelastic medium is proposed by Biot. Particularly for the saturated soil, the simplified dynamic equilibrium equation of the pore fluid can be written as [30]where ρ_m = (1 ‒ ϕ_m)ρ_sm + ϕ_mρ_fm and ρ₀ = (1 ‒ ϕ₀)ρ_s0 + ϕ₀ρ_f0 are the densities of soil in the disturbed and undisturbed regions, respectively; k_dj, ρ_sj, ρ_fj, and ϕ_j (j = m, 0) are the horizontal dynamic permeability coefficient containing the viscosity of the fluid, density of soil skeleton, density of pore fluid, and porosity of the saturated soil in the corresponding region, respectively; is the acceleration of gravity; and ω is the circular frequency of excitation.

For the convenience of subsequent derivation, equation (2) can be rewritten aswhere

Introducing du_θ/dr = du_θ/(r₀dξ) and then substituting equations (5) and (6) into equation (4), yieldwhere

After introducing x = β(ξ₀−ξ) and du_θ/dξ = −βdu_θ/dx, equation (8) can be rewritten in a much concise form where

Given that the elastic pile undergoes forced torsional vibration, the dynamic equilibrium equation of the pile can be expressed aswhere G_p, ρ_p, r_0, and φ(z) are the shear modulus, density, radius, and the twist angle amplitude of the pile, respectively, and f(z) denotes the amplitude of the contact traction along the pile-soil interface.

2.3. Boundary and Continuity Conditions

Considering that the displacement of the soil tends to zero at infinity, the boundary condition of the soil can be written as

The continuity conditions of the inner and outer soil regions can be expressed as

The boundary conditions of the pile arewhere denotes the polar moment of inertia of the pile and k_pb is the supporting stiffness coefficient of the pile bottom. If the underlying half-space is elastic, k_pb can be approximately taken as [4] with G_sb being the shear modulus of the underlying half-space. If the underlying half-space is rigid, φ(z) should be equal to zero at the level z = H. Generally, we can fix k_pb = ∞ to simulate the rigid base case.

The continuity conditions at the pile-soil interface can be written as

3. Solution of the Radially Inhomogeneous Soil Layer

3.1. Solution of the Outer Soil Medium

For the saturated soil in the outer region, the solution of equation (9) can be expressed aswhere I₁(λ₀ξ) and K₁(λ₀ξ) are the first-order modified Bessel functions of the first kind and the second kind, respectively. C and D are the constants determined by the boundary conditions.

It is noted from equation (19) that D should vanish to zero to guarantee bounded displacement given in equation (14). Then, the amplitude of the circumferential displacement and shear stress of the soil in the outer region can be expressed as

3.2. Solution of the Inner Soil Medium

In order to solve equation (8), we express the circumferential displacement of the soil as the following infinite series:

It is noted that we only need a finite number of m in equation (21) to ensure the accuracy of the results.

Substituting equation (21) into equation (8), after some algebraic operation (the detailed derivation for A_m is listed in Appendix A), the recursive relation of coefficient A_m can be written aswhere

The amplitude of circumferential shear stress of the inner soil medium can be expressed as

Substituting equations (20), (21), and (24) into the continuity conditions given in equation (15), we have

Then, the circumferential shear stress amplitude of the soil at the pile-soil interface can be expressed aswhere .

The torsional impedance of the soil can be finally expressed aswhere K_θ denotes the torsional impedance of the surrounding soil. It is worth noting that A_m is a function of C; hence, the unknown constant C can be automatically eliminated.

For the convenience of subsequent analysis, K_θ can be further expressed as the following form:where and denote, respectively, the stiffness and damping part of the torsional impedance of the radially inhomogeneous saturated soil.

4. Solution of the Elastic Pile

Combining equations (17) and (21), we have

Then, the circumferential shear stress amplitude of the soil at the pile-soil interface can be further expressed as

Substituting equation (30) into equation (18), the governing equation for the torsional vibration of the pile under time-harmonic torsional load can be further written as

Solving the ordinary differential equation (31), we havein whichwhere α₁ and α₂ are the constants determined by the boundary conditions.

Substituting the boundary conditions of the pile given in equation (16) into equation (33) results inwhere denotes the phase angle and denotes the dimensionless pile bottom supporting coefficient.

The torque of the pile body can be further expressed as

5. Numerical Analysis and Discussion

The influence of the soil radial heterogeneity on the torsional impedance of the soil and torsional complex stiffness at the pile top has received detailed investigation in the past studies [22–25, 28]. Therefore, the effect of the soil radial heterogeneity on the distribution of the twist angle and torque of the pile body will be mainly analyzed in the present study. In addition, it is found from the past studies [23–25, 28] that the strengthened inner soil can improve the ability of the pile-soil system to resist dynamic torsional deformation, which is safe for the dynamic foundation design in general cases. Hence, the emphasis of the present study is to analyze the influence of the weakened inner soil on the torsional vibration characteristics of the pile-soil system. In the calculation, it is assumed that the porosity, permeability coefficient, density of the soil skeleton, and density of the pore fluid of the soil in the inner region are equal to the corresponding parameters of the soil in the outer region. Unless otherwise specified, the parameters of the saturated soil and pile used in calculation are G_s0 = G_sb = 20 MPa, ρ_sm = ρ_s0 = 2650 kg/m³, ρ_fm = ρ_f0 =1000 kg/m³, ϕ_m = ϕ₀ = 0.4, k_dm = k_d0 = 10⁻⁷m/s, D_sm = D_s0 = 0, ρ_p = 2500 kg/m³, G_p = 12.1 GPa, H = 10 m, r₀ = 0.3 m, t_m/r₀ = 0.5.

In order to solve the torsional vibration of the inner disturbed soil, an infinite series is used to express the circumferential displacement of the soil. Hence, the number of calculation items (i.e., value of m) has great influence on the reliability and accuracy of the present solution. The influence of the value of m on the reliability and accuracy on the soil torsional impedance is shown in Figure 3. It can be seen that when m is small (e.g., m = 2, 5, 20), the infinite series has not converged to a stable value, and the curves corresponding to different m are quite different. However, the soil torsional impedance will be convergent when m is greater than 50. In order to ensure the accuracy of calculation, m = 100 are used in subsequent calculations.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4 shows the comparison of the reduced purely elastic soil medium (i.e., ρ_f = 0) of the present solution with other existing solutions. It can be seen from Figure 4 that, in the low-frequency range, the real and imaginary parts of the present solution and Dotsos and Veletsos’s solution [23] are lower than those of Militano and Rajapakse’s homogenous solution [4]. It is noted that the present solution assumes that the shear modulus of the inner soil continuously changes in a parabolic form along the radial direction, while the solution by Dotsos and Veletsos [23] assumed that the shear modulus of the inner soil continuously changes in an exponential form. This indicates that regardless of the changing form of the shear modulus of the weakened soil in the inner region, its torsional impedance is necessarily lower than that of the undisturbed soil (i.e., homogenous soil). It can be also observed from Figure 4 that the real and imaginary parts of the present solution are larger than those of Dotsos and Veletsos [23]. This phenomenon indicates that the changing form of the shear modulus of the weakened soil has a great influence on the impedance of the soil, although the values of GR and t_m/r₀ remain constants.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5 depicts the influence of the softening degree (GR) on the distribution of the normalized twist angle of the pile for different frequencies. It should be pointed out that smaller GR means a larger softening degree of the inner soil. The normalized twist angle is defined as , where . Re[ ] and Im[ ] denote, respectively, the real and imaginary parts of the corresponding physical quantity. It can be observed from Figure 5 that the softening degree has a marked influence on the distribution of the twist angle of the pile along the depth direction. The following trends can also be observed from Figure 5: (1) the real part dominates the twist angle distribution, and it gradually decreases along the depth direction. (2) The real part of the twist angle of the pile top and the pile body increases with decreasing GR. This indicates that the twist angle of the pile will increase with the increase of softening degree. (3) The changing trend of the imaginary part is relatively complicated. When f = 20 Hz, there exists a turning point. Above this point, the absolute value of the imaginary part increases with increasing GR. Below this point, the imaginary part decreases with increasing GR. However, when f = 50 Hz, the absolute value of the imaginary part decreases with increasing GR.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 6 shows the influence of the softening degree (GR) on the distribution of the normalized torque of the pile for different frequencies. The normalized torque of the pile is defined as . It can be seen from Figure 6 that GR has a marked influence on the distribution of normalized torque along the depth direction. The real part also dominates the distribution of torque. At a fixed depth, the real part increases with the decrease of GR, while the absolute value of the imaginary part decreases with the decrease of GR. This indicates that the higher the softening degree of the inner soil, the smaller the load borne by the soil and accordingly the greater the load borne by the pile. It can be also seen from Figure 6 that the imaginary part has a peak at the critical depth. Above the critical depth, the absolute value of the imaginary part increases with increasing z. Below the critical depth, the absolute value of the imaginary part decreases as z increases.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 7 describes the influence of the softening range (t_m/r₀) on the distribution of the normalized twist angle of the pile for different frequencies. It can be observed from Figure 7 that the real part increases with increasing softening range. This indicates that a large softening range is associated with the large twist angle of the pile with this trend being more remarkable when the frequency is relatively high (e.g., f = 50 Hz). The changing trend of the imaginary part is also dependent on the frequency. At different frequencies, the changing trend is totally different.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 8 shows the influence of the softening range (t_m/r₀) on the distribution of the normalized torque of the pile for different frequencies. It can be seen from Figure 8 that the real part increases with the increase of t_m/r₀ (especially when z/H = 0.3–0.6) for different frequencies with the increase being more pronounced as frequency increases. When f = 20 Hz, the absolute value of the imaginary part decreases with increasing t_m/r₀. However, the changing trend of the imaginary part is more complicated when f = 50 Hz.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 9 depicts the influence of the material damping of the inner soil on the distribution of the normalized twist angle of the pile for different frequencies. It can be seen from Figure 9 that the material damping of the inner soil has a slight influence on the distribution of the real part only when the frequency is relatively high (e.g., f = 50 Hz). However, the material damping of the inner soil has an obvious influence on the imaginary part. The absolute value of the imaginary part increases with the increase of the material damping of the inner soil.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 10 shows the influence of the material damping of the inner soil on the distribution of the normalized torque of the pile. It can be seen from Figure 10 that the material damping of the inner soil has negligible influence on the real part of the torque when f = 20 Hz. However, the material damping of the inner soil has an obvious influence on the imaginary part. The absolute value of the imaginary part increases with the increase of the material damping of the inner soil. Through further calculation, the same changing trend is observed for f = 50 Hz and the corresponding result is not presented here.

(a)

(b)

6. Conclusions

In this paper, we solve the dynamic response of an elastic pile subjected to time-harmonic torsional load and embedded in a radially inhomogeneous saturated soil with its complex shear modulus in the inner region continuously changing in a parabolic form along the radial direction. According to Biot’s poroelastodynamic theory and introducing a power series to express the circumferential displacement of the saturated soil in the inner region, the analytical solution of the twist angle and torque of the pile is obtained. Selected numerical results are carried out to analyze the influence of the material damping, softening degree, and softening range of the inner soil on the distribution of twist angle and torque along the depth direction. The main features observed from the numerical studies in the low-frequency range are concluded as follows:(1)The changing form of the shear modulus of the weakened soil has marked influence on the torsional impedance of the soil. That is to say, a different changing form of the shear modulus of the weakened soil corresponds to a different torsional impedance of the soil, although the values of GR and t_m/r₀ remain fixed constants.(2)The softening degree and softening range of the inner soil have a marked influence on the distribution of the twist angle of the pile along the depth direction. The real part dominates the twist angle distribution. At fixed depth, the real part increases with the increase of softening degree (i.e., decreasing GR) and softening range (i.e., increasing t_m/r₀). The changing trend of the imaginary part is relatively complicated and is different for different frequencies.(3)The softening degree and softening range of the inner soil have a marked influence on the distribution of torque of the pile along the depth direction. The real part also dominates the torque distribution and increases with the increase of softening degree and softening range.(4)The absolute value of the imaginary parts of the twist angle and torque increases with the increase of the material damping of inner soil. However, the material damping of the inner soil has negligible influence on the corresponding real parts.

Appendix

A. Detailed Derivation Procedure for A_m

The first- and second-order derivatives of the power series given in equation (21) can be expressed as

Substituting equation (A.1) into equation (11) results in

Multiplying both sides of equation (A.2) by (x ‒ a)² and simplifying the power series, we havewhere

The second term in the left side of equation (A.3) can be further written as

Combining equations (A.3), (A.4), and (A.6), we havewhere

In order to satisfy equation (A.7), the following relation holds:

For m ≥ 4, the recurrence formula of A_m can be expressed as

It is noted that A_m = 0 when m < 0. Then, substituting m = 2 and m = 3 into equation (A.10), we have

Data Availability

The data in Figures 3–10 used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 52078467), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant no. LHZ21E090001), and Research and Development Fund of Zhejiang A&F University (Grant no. 2020FR052).

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Mathematical Problems in Engineering

Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering

Time-Harmonic Response of an Elastic Pile in a Radially Inhomogeneous Poroelastic Medium

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Establishment of the Mathematical Model

2.1. Geometric Model and Assumptions

2.2. Governing Equations

2.3. Boundary and Continuity Conditions

3. Solution of the Radially Inhomogeneous Soil Layer

3.1. Solution of the Outer Soil Medium

3.2. Solution of the Inner Soil Medium

4. Solution of the Elastic Pile

5. Numerical Analysis and Discussion

6. Conclusions

Appendix

A. Detailed Derivation Procedure for Am

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

A. Detailed Derivation Procedure for A_m